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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty-seven small cell carcinomas of the lung and three tumors of the large intestine with combined adenocarcinomatous and small cell and/or anaplastic carcinoid-type histologic features were studied by light and electron microscopy. It was shown that the small cells have morphologic characteristics of APUD cells. Also presented are the histologic features of a carcinoma of the lung with large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and giant cell carcinoma areas in the primary site and in several metastatic foci. Two of the renal metastases showed small cell carcinoma. The combined tumors and the numerous other similar neoplasms described in the literature and reviewed here suggest an endodermal origin for digestive and respiratory tract APUD cells based on the hypothesis that cancer is a clonal proliferation, and mucous and squamous cell differentiation is an endodermal rather than neural crest characteristic. The ultrastructural features of tumors of cells of known neural crest origin, including a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, three carotid body tumors, a pheochromocytoma, and two cutaneous melanomas were compared with those of other APUD cell tumors including small cell carcinomas of the lung, two bronchial carcinoids, a carcinoid of the appendix, and a carcinoid of the kidney. Cells of the latter group sometimes possessed cytoplasmic tonofibrils, round compact masses of cytoplasmic microfilaments, and ductal lumina. These features were lacking in the former group and may signify a different embryologic origin. The histologic, histopathologic, and embryologic evidence regarding the origin of digestive and respiratory tract APUD cells is reviewed, showing that the former are, and the latter probably are, of endodermal and not neuroectodermal origin.
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PMID:The endodermal origin of digestive and respiratory tract APUD cells. Histopathologic evidence and a review of the literature. 3 40

DNA-histograms of smears of 11 plain leukoplakias, one of a precancerous leukoplakia, three of leukoplakia carcinoma in early stage, and one of a keratotic seqamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth were prepared. The cell nuclei of the plain leukoplakia are mostly diploid, a small proportion has a DNA-content of 4 C. Intermediate values or polyploid nuclei are absent. In precancerous leukoplakia, intermediate values were noticed; in the cases of carcinoma in early stage, intermediate and polyploid nuclei were present, and in one case only polyploid nuclei. Only 2C and 4C nuclei occurred in a case of keratotic squamous cell carcinoma, which in comparison to earlier examined cases must be termed DNA negative.
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PMID:Investigation of DNA-content of leukoplakia cells or oral mucosa. 4 33

In vitro, colony inhibition tests using lymphocytes and serum from 42 patients with other carcinomas, and 12 control patients with no carcinoma, were performed using cultured target cells (CALI). Target cell colony counts were significantly diminished by lymphocytes of 2 of 12 (16.7 percent) patients with no cancer, compared with those 26 of 42 (61.9 percent) patients with epidermoid carcinoma. An unexpected finding was significant colony inhibition of lymphocytes of 23 of 27 (85.2 percent) patients tested within 24 months of diagnosis of carcinoma compared with significant inhibition in only 3 of 15 (20 percent) patients tested after 24 months of diagnosis of carcinoma. Serum blocking factor was found in 9 of 42 (21.4 percent) patients with epidermoid carcinoma. It was found on follow-up that four of these nine (44.4 percent) had later recurrent or new tumors compared to recurrence or new tumor incidence of only 6 of 33 (18.2 percent) patients with no serum blocking factor present in the serum.
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PMID:A search for common tumor specific antigen and serum blocking factor in head and neck epidermoid carcinomas. 4 34

Thirty-five patients with epithelial carcinomas not considered to be surgically resectable were randomized to receive two different chemotherapy regimens. Regimen 1 was CCNU followed by bleomycin, and Regimen 2 was a combination of CCNU, bleomycin, methotrexate, and vinblastine. Five of 14 patients treated with CCNU-bleomycin had partial responses. Three of 15 patients treated with the four-drug combination had a partial response. The toxicity of the four-drug regimen was significantly greater than that of the two-drug regimen, while the response rate was greater among those patients treated with two drugs. No significant clinical infections occurred despite the fact that leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were more severe and frequent with the four-drug regimen. Most importantly, the two-drug regimen is well tolerated as an outpatient procedure. Two of the two-drug and one of the four-drug recipients were converted from an inoperable to an operable state. In view of the fact that there has not heretofore been an effective chemotherapeutic regimen for Stage III and IV squamous carcinoma, this is a significant observation. It is of note that patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were those who responded best to this treatment, although the treatment is worthy of consideration for advanced squamous carcinoma in other areas.
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PMID:A randomized pilot study comparing two regimens in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma. 5 23

The human uterine cervix offers a unique opportunity to study the early lesions of squamous cell carcinoma, i.e., carcinoma in situ and dysplasia [combined as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)]. In vivo, the patients with CIN have the epidemiological common denominators or "markers" of early onset of coitus, multiple sexual partners, 1st delivery before age 20, and antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 more frequently than do controls. The lesions themselves have specific epithelial and vascular changes observable with the colposcope in addition to the usual histological markers from biopsy specimens. The chromosomes and DNA content of cells in these lesions are abnormal. In vitro, the cells from CIN have characteristics somewhat between normal and invasive carcinoma. They lack contact inhibition and may be transferred for several generations, in contrast to normal cervical epithelial cells. The fibroblasts from areas adjacent to DIN are different from normal fibroblasts. The mitotic mechanism in cells cultured from CIN has a significantly prolonged prophase and telophase when compared to similar normal cells. The surface of CIN cells, unlike normal cells, has numerous microvilli when examined by scanning electron microscopy and has characteristic differences from normal cells with numerous elongated, irregular microvilli. With the transmission electron microscope, an increase in microvilli and a decrease in desmosomes and tonofibrils are seen in CIN cells. Some of these markers are being used clinically to manage patients with CIN. Other markers are the basis for further investigation of human carcinogenesis.
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PMID:In vivo and in vitro "markers" of human cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. 5 20

According to cell cycle synchrony principles, bleomycin was infused for 48 hours, followed by a dose of either methotrexate or hydroxyurea after a 24-hour rest, in 36 adult patients with disseminated carcinoma. In this preliminary study, a 59% response rate was noted among patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck. Four of four patients with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder and one patient with hypernephroma also responded. No responses were noted among five patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the lung. The length of response ranged from 1 to 8 months (median, 2 months). Seventy-seven percent of the responders had extensive prior radiotherapy. The first patient treated had fatal sepsis with leukopenia, which prompted a widening of the treatment interval. Subsequently, toxicity was mainly mild or absent, the moderate or severe toxicity was primarily neutropenia, which was reversible. The use of low-dose bleomycin infusion is safe and may play a role in cancer therapy in combination with other agents specific for certain tumors. The length of infusion should be determined by the cell cycle of the tumor, if its potential synchronizing capabilities are to be exploited.
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PMID:Intravenous bleomycin infusion as a potential syncronizing agent in human disseminated malignancies: a preliminary report. 6 5

In the previously published series of patients with generalized head and neck epidermoid carcinoma, a high dose combination of methotrexate (MTX) (0.4 mg/kg biw. i.v.) and bleomycin (BLM) (30 mg biw. iv) produced an objective remission rate of 60% with a median duration of 9 weeks. The disappointingly short duration of the remissions was tentatively related to the short period of treatment, which was limited to 5 weeks in order to keep the cumulative dosage of BLM below 300 mg. In the present study, covering 26 patients, a lower weekly dose was adopted (BLM 15 mg, MTX 0.6 mg/kg). 13 partial remissions were obtained with a median duration of 26 weeks; in 7 cases there was no evolution, in 6 cases progression of the tumor was registered, and there was one death from hematological toxicity. The major toxicity was leuko- and thrombopenia with one toxic death. Digestive and cutaneous side effects and fever were minor. There were 2 cases of major pulmonary toxicity, one of which was lethal. In conclusion, a combination of MTX and BLM at a relatively low dosage is active in disseminated head and neck carcinoma and appears to be compatible with longer maintenance of palliation in comparison with results obtained at a high dose level.
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PMID:[Treatment of disseminated oro-pharyngo-laryngeal epidermoid carcinomas with a combination of methotrexate and bleomycine in small doses]. 6 44

The in vivo observation that bleomycin may be used as a synchronizing agent provides the basis for testing 4 days of continuous bleomycin infusion followed by 5 days of intensive chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil. Thirty-eight patients with extensive non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma (adenocarcinoma[17 patients], squamous cell carcinoma[14 patients], and poorly differentiated carcinoma [seven patients]) were registered for chemotherapy. There were 11 patients with 50% regression of all measurable lesions and four with improved but poorly measurable radiographic lesions, providing a crude response rate of 39% (15 of 38 patients). An overall survival median of 19 weeks compares favorably with Veterans' Administration Lung Cancer Study Group control data, but was not substantially better than our own historical controls (P = 0.15). The median survival for responders was 36 weeks compared to 16 weeks for historical controls (P = 0.001) and 12 weeks for nonresponders (P less than 0.001).
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PMID:Bleomycin (NSC-125066) followed by cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271), vincristine (NSC-67574), methotrexate (NSC-740), and 5-fllorouracil (NSC-19893) for non-oat cell bronchogenic carcinoma. 6 31

The extremely poor outlook for patients with esophageal cancer necessitates careful definition of the extent of disease prior to the selection of treatment. Evaluation of regional lymph node involvement may avoid excessive morbidity and identify favorable candidates for aggressive excisional therapy. The role of combined mediastinoscopy and celiotomy in assessing the operability of epidermoid carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus was examined in 30 consecutive candidates for esophageal resection at the North Carolina Memorial Hospital. The prognostic value of combined mediastinoscopy and celiotomy in assessing the operability of epidermoid value in assessing mediastinal extension of carcinoma of the upper thoracic and midthoracic esophagus.
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PMID:The assessment of operability of esophageal carcinoma. 6 26

The antigenic activity of rat submandibular gland carcinoma induced by 9,10 dimethyl-1,2 benzanthracene (DMBA) has been evaluated using rabbit antisera to normal submandibular gland extract and to extracts of the induced tumors. Extracts of all tumors and premalignant lesions show reduction in the concentration of several of the intrinsic antigens of the normal submandibular gland when they were evaluated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Although all the induced tumors, including those used for antisera preparation, are well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma, a considerable variation is present in the antigenic pattern of each tumor. When antisera to several tumors, absorbed with rat serum and kidney extract, were used in studying extracts of all induced tumors, antigenic bands were observed. The number of these bands varies from three to five. All the induced carcinomas share the presence of two of these bands in the alpha and beta-globulin region, the remaining bands differ from one tumor to another.
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PMID:Immunological studies of induced tumors of the rat submandibular gland. 7 Jul 68


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