Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007097 (carcinoma)
 152,788 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Insular carcinoma, once considered a poorly-differentiated thyroid cancer, has been reclassified as a distinct thyroid neoplasm. Since this neoplasm is composed of follicular epithelial cells, it may concentrate radioiodide (131I) making postoperative 131I imaging for detection of metastases and radiotherapy possible. A 20-yr review of 35 cases diagnosed as anaplastic or undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma at this medical center revealed five patients with insular carcinoma. Four patients showed postoperative 131I localization and received therapeutic doses of 131I. Three of the four showed extrathyroidal 131I localization in neoplastic lesions. In one patient, the resolution of metastatic lesions by magnetic resonance and 131I imaging suggests that 131I may have an important therapeutic role in this aggressive neoplasm.
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PMID:Insular carcinoma: a distinct thyroid carcinoma with associated iodine-131 localization. 206 91

The epidemiology, etiology, pathology, and management of thyroid and parathyroid carcinoma are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the clinical differences in the management and treatment of the various histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer. The biologic and prognostic differences among the various histologic types of thyroid cancer and their relationship to age are stressed.
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PMID:Thyroid and parathyroid cancer. 207 89

We comment our attitude in dealing with lymph nodes and thyroid gland surgery for thyroid cancer. This was based on our 10 years experience with such surgery, in which we have performed 350 chirurgic interventions. Of them, in 55 cases a thyroid carcinoma was detected (36 papilar, 13 follicular, 4 medular, 1 anaplasic and 1 metastasic clear-cell carcinoma).
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PMID:[Treatment of thyroid cancer in our field: attitude regarding lymph node surgery]. 209 27

To evaluate the use of Tc-99m pertechnetate whole body scanning for the detection of metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, the authors performed sequential Tc-99m pertechnetate and I-131 scans in five patients with known or suspected metastatic thyroid cancer. All five patients had abnormal I-131 uptake, but only two patients had abnormal Tc-99m pertechnetate uptake. A total of 33 abnormal foci were located with I-131; Tc-99m pertechnetate detected only 3 of these foci, and did not demonstrate any foci that were not apparent with I-131. Despite the theoretical advantages of Tc-99m pertechnetate, it cannot be recommended as a substitute for I-131 for locating thyroid cancer metastases.
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PMID:Insensitivity of Tc-99m pertechnetate for detecting metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. 215 79

Normal and neoplastic thyroid tissues express a variety of oncogenes, growth factors, and growth factor receptors. The increased expression of a mutated form or forms of c-myc and c-ras appears to be associated with some epithelial and medullary thyroid carcinomas. In some cases the presence of these oncogenes correlates with less favorable histologic appearance. The possibility of cooperation between oncogene products (myc and ras) in neoplastic development is raised by studies on transformed thyroid cells in culture. Moreover, a tissue-specific oncogene associated with papillary carcinoma recently has been described. The role of excessive growth factor or growth factor receptor expression in thyroid carcinoma also has been discussed and may, as with other tumor types, be linked to specific oncogene products (e.g., c-erb-B encoding for the EGF receptor). However, the regulation of oncogenes in various stages of differentiation of thyroid tissues is not well understood. In addition to describing these associations with thyroid carcinoma and putative unchecked growth factor action in the development of neoplasia, more direct demonstrations of a causal relationship are necessary. Thus, one needs to overexpress oncogenes/growth factors in normal cell lines (as has been described in this review) and observe whether cellular transformation or dedifferentiation or both occur. The ability to specifically block oncogene or growth factor expression in neoplastic cell lines at the RNA or protein level (with antisense oligonucleotides or monoclonal antibodies, respectively) should provide important information about the pathogenetic importance of these factors. It may be anticipated that reversing the overexpression of certain oncogenes can lead to normal cellular proliferation, morphology, and differentiation. The knowledge obtained from investigating the associations of oncogenes and growth factors with thyroid cancer should provide insight into the mechanisms involved in cell growth and differentiation and in the biochemical steps involved in neoplastic transformation. New insights into these processes may lead to specific therapeutic measures designed to block aberrant expression of the cellular products involved in neoplasia. A more complete understanding of the role of oncogenes in thyroid cancer also may lead to the development of specific tumor markers that may be useful in the early diagnosis of thyroid cancer and the follow-up of therapeutic maneuvers. If specific markers can be identified, analysis of fine-needle aspiration specimens of the thyroid or imaging techniques (using for example, oncogene-specific monoclonal antibodies) could be added to the diagnostic armamentarium for thyroid disease.
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PMID:Oncogenes and growth factors in thyroid carcinogenesis. 217 2

Differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid may generate bone or lung metastases. Some times, thyroid cancer remains latent, and is revealed by the presence of secondary bone tumors. In the present paper, we relate our personal experiences with two patients who had thyroid cancer diagnosed indirectly through the occurrence of distant metastases. The secondary tumors were localized in the right frontal sinus and the cranial vault, respectively. We discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic problems involved with such metastases. We further present a review of the literature dealing with this topic.
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PMID:[Atypical metastases disclosing vesicular carcinoma of the thyroid]. 217 41

In retrospect we analysed 175 fine needle aspiration biopsies, performed on 154 patients with a palpable, solitary, 'cold', thyroid nodule. In contrast to conventional diagnostic methods such as ultrasound and scintigraphy fine needle aspiration is a highly specific method for the detection of thyroid cancer. We found a significant difference in the frequency of thyroid carcinoma between patients operated because of cytological diagnosis and patients operated because of clinical suspicion of cancer, 44% and 20% respectively. We conclude that fine needle aspiration is a major step forward in the evaluation of solitary thyroid nodules.
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PMID:[Fine-needle biopsy of cold thyroid nodules]. 217 38

To evaluate whether coexistence of Graves' disease affects the prognosis of thyroid cancer we examined the clinical and pathological characteristics of 22 differentiated thyroid carcinomas concomitant with hyperthyroidism; 13 were associated with Graves' disease, and 9 with autonomous thyroid nodules. Carcinomas were identified in a consecutive series of 359 hyperthyroid patients (132 with Graves' disease and 227 with autonomous thyroid nodules) who underwent surgery during a 6-yr period. One hundred and thirty-seven thyroid carcinomas were found in the 582 euthyroid patients operated on in the same period. In Graves' patients, carcinomas were more often multifocal (46.1% vs. 0%), locally invasive (61.5% vs. 11.1%), and metastatic to lymph nodes (61.5% vs. 11.1%) or to distant sites (23.0% vs. 0%) than in patients with autonomous thyroid nodules. In addition, carcinomas concomitant with Graves' disease were larger (3.3 +/- 1.8 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.7 cm) than the ones associated with autonomous thyroid nodules and showed a high recurrence rate. In euthyroid patients, aggressiveness of thyroid cancer was intermediate. Serum TSH levels were suppressed in all hyperthyroid patients with thyroid cancer. However, circulating thyroid-stimulating antibodies were present in 12 of 13 cancer patients with Graves' disease, but were absent in patients with autonomous thyroid nodules. Our study suggests, therefore, that TSAb may play a role in determining the high aggressiveness of thyroid cancer in Graves' disease patients and indicates that a vigorous treatment should be pursued in this subgroup of patients.
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PMID:Increased aggressiveness of thyroid cancer in patients with Graves' disease. 218 Sep 78

Since 1975, the American Cancer Society, Illinois Division, has published end results of major cancer sites drawn from patient data contributed voluntarily by hospital cancer registries throughout the state. The current study was undertaken, in part, to apprehend information regarding contested areas in the management of patients having differentiated (papillary/follicular) thyroid cancer. A total of 2,282 patients with either papillary or follicular carcinoma of the thyroid from 76 different Illinois hospitals and providing 10 years of follow-up information (life-table analysis) were retrospectively analyzed for demographic, disease, and treatment-related predictors of survival. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards method was made for stage, age, race, sex, morphology, history of radiation exposure, presence of positive lymph nodes, initial surgical treatment, postoperative iodine 131 therapy, and replacement/suppressive thyroid hormone treatment. Statistically significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) predictors of favorable survival after thyroid cancer were low stage (I and II), young age (less than 50 years), white race, female sex, and the administration, postoperatively, of either thyroid hormone or radioactive iodine. Factors that had no influence on survival were lymph node status, choice of initial surgical treatment, and a history of prior irradiation. We suggest that where a prospective clinical trial is impracticable, a retrospective analysis of a large and detailed database, such as that available from cooperating hospital-based tumor registries, may yet provide useful insights to solutions of cancer management problems.
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PMID:Survival discriminants for differentiated thyroid cancer. 222 Dec 32

During a 16-year period (1972-1988), 40 out of 477 thyroid cancer patients underwent thyroidectomy for undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma. To analyse the significance of "radical" versus "palliative" surgical procedures with regard to early postoperative course, operative complications and survival, all patients records were reviewed and actually followed up. A significant better survival was correlated with radical (n = 17) versus palliative tumor resection (n = 23) (p less than 0.001), and total thyroidectomy (n = 22) versus subtotal thyroidectomy (n = 18) (p less than 0.006). Radical surgery with early postoperative external irradiation revealed no postoperative mortality and only one symptomatic cervical tumor recurrence. In contrast, palliative surgery, particularly in the case of synchronous tracheotomy, was attended with a relatively high mortality (30%) and symptomatic local recurrences. The results of this study suggest that in undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma without infiltration of the esophageal or tracheal mucosa an attempt of radical tumor resection should be undertaken, since palliative surgical procedures revealed a significantly lower survival due to complications of persistent or recurrent cervical tumor infiltration and frequently were accompanied by local complications during the postoperative course.
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PMID:[Undifferentiated thyroid cancer: improved therapeutic results following initial radical intervention and early postoperative radiotherapy]. 222 87


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