Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0007095 (carcinoid)
 6,990 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A number of malignancies, including high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung, have been reported to express K homology domain containing protein overexpressed in cancer (KOC), a member of the insulin-like growth factor messenger RNA-binding protein (IMP) family also known as L523S and IMP3. KOC acts to promote tumor cell proliferation by enhancing insulin-like growth factor-II protein expression. This study aimed to examine KOC expression pattern in extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Seventy-five extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumors that were surgically resected or had undergone biopsy, including 53 small cell carcinomas (uterine cervix, 21; bladder, 10; colorectum, 13; prostate, 7; stomach, 1; and esophagus, 1) and 22 carcinoid tumors (colorectum, 10; appendix, 5; ileum, 4; duodenum, 2; and stomach, 1), were immunohistochemically studied using a monoclonal antibody against KOC. Our results demonstrated that 47 small cell carcinomas (89%) showed moderate to strong positive staining for KOC, with 25 cases (53%) showing positivity in more than 90% of tumor cells and 22 cases (47%) in 40% to 80% of tumor cells. Three cases showed weak staining in 5% to 10% of the tumor cells. The remaining 3 cases (uterine cervix, 2; bladder, 1) showed completely negative immunoreactivity. No KOC immunostaining was detected in 22 carcinoid tumors. These findings indicate that KOC may play an important role in the regulation of biologic behavior of extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas. In addition, immunohistochemical detection of KOC expression may serve as a useful diagnostic tool in the distinction between small cell carcinoma and carcinoid tumor, particularly when the diagnostic material is a small biopsy with crushing artifact.
 ...
PMID:Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas express K homology domain containing protein overexpressed in cancer, but carcinoid tumors do not. 1752 98

Histopathologic distinction among small-cell carcinoma (SCC), pancreatic endocrine tumor (PET), and gastrointestinal carcinoids metastasized to the liver in needle core biopsies can be extremely challenging because of limited material, crush artifact, and lack of detailed clinical history. In this study, a total of 61 surgically resected or biopsied specimens, including 27 SCCs (lung, 17; colon, 1; gallbladder, 2; stomach, 1; and unknown primary, 6), 18 gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors (GICTs) (stomach, 2; small intestine, 14; colon, 2), and 16 PETs were immunohistochemically examined for the expression of IMP3, TTF-1, CDX2, and NESP55 to evaluate their diagnostic value. The results showed that 24 (89%) of 27 SCCs exhibited strong cytoplasmic staining for IMP3 in 60% to 100% of the tumor cells. Eighteen (67%) SCCs were strongly and diffusely positive for TTF-1. In the remaining 9 TTF-1-negative SCCs (including 4 extrapulmonary cases), 7 showed strong and diffuse IMP3 expression. All SCCs were negative for CDX2 except for 1 case of colonic origin that showed strong CDX2 immunoreactivity. All 16 metastatic PETs were positively stained for IMP3 with 12 cases (75%) showing a diffuse and moderate-to-strong staining pattern while they were negative for TTF-1. Six PETs exhibited moderate-to-strong positivity for CDX2 with nuclear staining in 5% to 40% of tumor cells, and 5 showed a varying degree of positivity for NESP55. Three (17%) of 18 metastatic GICTs showed moderate IMP3 staining in 50% to 90% of the tumor cells, whereas CDX2 was expressed in 17 (94%) cases with moderate-to-strong staining in 50% to 100% of tumor cells. No NESP55 immunoreactivity was detected in metastatic SCCs and GICTs. In conclusion, a panel of these 4 markers is useful in segregating among SCC, PET, and GICT to help determine the primary site of hepatic metastasis.
 ...
PMID:IMP3, NESP55, TTF-1 and CDX2 serve as an immunohistochemical panel in the distinction among small-cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal carcinoid, and pancreatic endocrine tumor metastasized to the liver. 2249 59