Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0007095 (carcinoid)
 6,990 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A golden yellow polyp was detected in the gallbladder of a 64-year-old man who presented with epigastric pain. The lesion was composed of clear polygonal cells arranged in a trabecular and glandular pattern. The tumor invaded through the wall into the perimuscular subserosal layer. Immunohistochemical stains showed that neoplastic cells were positive for chromogranin A, synaptophysin, somatostatin, gastrin, and pancreatic polypeptide and negative for glucagon, serotonin, insulin, S100 protein, and inhibin. This tumor resembles the recently described clear cell endocrine tumors of the gallbladder and pancreas that are associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Our patient, however, had neither personal nor family history indicative of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Furthermore, published accounts of clear cell endocrine tumors in von Hippel-Lindau disease describe immunoreactivity for inhibin; the current case was negative for the disease. There may be a subtype of clear cell carcinoid tumor not associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease, which is characterized by its lack of immunoreactivity against inhibin.
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PMID:Clear cell carcinoid tumor of the gallbladder. A case without von Hippel-Lindau disease. 1274 4

Gastrointestinal carcinoid cells secrete multiple neuroendocrine markers and hormones including 5-HT and chromogranin A. The intracellular signaling pathways that regulate production of bioactive molecules are not completely understood. Our aim was to determine whether activation of the raf-1/MEK/MAPK signal transduction pathway in carcinoid cells could modulate production of neuroendocrine markers and hormones. Human pancreatic carcinoid cells (BON) were stably transduced with an estrogen-inducible raf-1 construct creating BON-raf cells. Activation of raf-1 in BON-raf cells led to a marked induction of phosphorylated MEK and ERK1/2 within 48 h. Importantly, raf-1 activation resulted in morphological changes accompanied by a marked decrease in neuroendocrine secretory granules by electronmicroscopy. Moreover, induction of raf-1 in BON-raf cells led to significant reductions in 5-HT, chromogranin A, and synaptophysin levels. Furthermore, treatment of BON-raf cells with MEK inhibitors PD-98059 and U-0126 blocked raf-1-mediated morphological changes and hormone suppression but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These results show that raf-1 induction suppresses neuroendocrine marker and hormone production in human gastrointestinal carcinoid cells via a pathway dependent on MEK activation.
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PMID:Raf-1 activation suppresses neuroendocrine marker and hormone levels in human gastrointestinal carcinoid cells. 1285 Dec 16

The group of 35 carcinoid tumours obtained from 34 patients was reviewed according to recent histopathological criteria. Consequently, evaluation of the Grimelius staining and immunohistochemical detection of chromogranin A (CgA), Leu-7 (CD-57), synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), (beta-III tubulin, Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was performed. The majority of tumours (29, i.e. 83%) were classified as typical carcinoids composed predominantly of mixed solid and trabecular or solid and tubular growth patterns. Six tumours (17%) revealed more prominent cytological abnormalities corresponding with the diagnosis of atypical carcinoid. The majority of tumours (31, i.e. 93.9%) showed granular cytoplasmic positivity in Grimelius staining and diffuse cytoplasmic positivity of NSE (34, i.e. 97.1%). All of the 32 stained tumour samples showed positive immunoreactivity for synaptophysin. A high percentage of tumours (32, i.e. 91.4%) revealed also a positive reaction with antibody TU-20 detecting (beta-III tubulin, a marker of an early stage of neuronal differentiation. Thirty-four tumours (97.1%) showed granular cytoplasmic positivity for both markers of neuroendocrine granules (CgA and Leu-7). One tumour (2.9%) was positive only for Leu-7. Tumour cells revealed predominantly low proliferative activity evaluated by PCNA and Ki-67 immunodetection. Higher degree of proliferation was observed especially in atypical carcinoids.
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PMID:[Carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract: importance of determining differentiation and proliferation markers]. 1287 99

We studied 10 cases of primary pure testicular neuroendocrine carcinoma. Patients were between 16 and 48 years old and had testicular swelling with pain or a painless testicular mass and no history of neuroendocrine carcinoma or other malignant neoplasm. All underwent orchiectomy. The tumors were low (n = 9) and intermediate (n = 1) grades with a variegated histologic appearance characterized by a nesting pattern, cords of neoplastic cells with rosettes, or sheets of neoplastic cells. Mitotic activity was lacking in 9 cases. In 1 case, mitotic figures ranged from 7 to 8 per 10 high-power fields, and cellular atypia and comedo-like necrosis were present. Immunohistochemical studies using a keratin cocktail, chromogranin, synaptophysin, epidermal growth factor, p53, placental-like alkaline phosphatase, and CD117 (c-kit) were performed in all cases. Keratin, chromogranin, and synaptophysin were positive in all tumors. Clinical follow-up information was obtained for 6 patients (range, 12-60 months): 5 with low-grade tumors were alive 24 to 60 months after diagnosis; 1 with an intermediate-grade tumor died of tumor 12 months after initial diagnosis. The behavior of these tumors, while in the testicular region, correlates well with the histologic grade. We propose replacing the term testicular carcinoid with neuroendocrine carcinoma, which better reflects the nature of these neoplasms.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine carcinomas (carcinoid tumor) of the testis. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of ten cases. 1498 45

Metastatic tumors of the breast are uncommon. Breast metastases from nonmammary malignant neoplasms are rare, accounting for approximately 2% of all breast tumors. We report the case of an ileal carcinoid tumor metastatic to the breast 10 years after the initial diagnosis. A 53-year-old woman presented to our clinic with a palpable breast lump. The mammogram was nonspecific. A lumpectomy was performed that, on frozen section, showed a neoplastic lesion. Permanent sections showed that the tumor was composed of sheets of small uniform cells divided into lobules by delicate vascular septa. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the lesional cells were strongly positive to the neuroendocrine marker panel of antibodies: chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin, serotonin, and low-molecular-weight keratin. The lesional cells were negative to cytokeratins 7 and 20, estrogen and progesterone receptors, carcinoembryonic antigen, and c-Erb-B2 antibodies. The presence of pleomorphic neurosecretory-type granules within the cytoplasm of the tumor cells by ultrastructural analysis strongly suggested a metastatic lesion from a midgut carcinoid. A detailed review of the patient's medical records confirmed a right hemicolectomy for an ileal carcinoid with lymph node and omental metastases that had been performed elsewhere 10 years earlier. A detailed pathologic analysis of this lesion by light microscopy, along with histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analyses, aided in confirming the metastatic nature of the current breast lesion.
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PMID:Colonic carcinoid metastatic to the breast. 1452 51

We report about a gastric polyp that was a combination of tubular adenoma and carcinoid. The patient, a 76 year-old male, presented with 1 cm sessile polyp, located in the gastric body, that was a combination of a tubular adenoma with moderate dysplasia and a small carcinoid. Immunohistochemically, the latter component was positive for chromogranin and synaptophysin. The patient is alive and well 10 months after endoscopical polypectomy.
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PMID:[Mixed neoplasia of the stomach: description of a case of tubular adenoma combined with carcinoid]. 1457 7

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between the presence of neuroendocrine elements in relapsed prostate cancer and sensitivity to estramustine/etoposide and carboplatin or cisplatin. Thirty patients with progressive metastatic castrate prostate cancer were selected on the basis of clinical criteria for treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy. The criteria included a tumor biopsy specimen taken during relapse showing neuroendocrine features based on morphology alone (carcinoid elements, small cell tumor) or by immunohistochemistry (detection of chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase or synaptophysin). Patients were treated with cis- or carboplatin, estramustine (orally) and etoposide (orally or intravenously). Remission of radiographically visualized lesions, decline of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or death owing to any cause constituted (separately reported) the endpoints. Tumor remission was found in about half of the patients, determined either by changes in measurable lesions or by a 50% decline in serum PSA. Neuroendocrine elements--irrespective of how they were identified--were not predictive of tumor remission or survival. Regression of measurable lesions by > 50% was seen in 4/9 (44%) cases of small cell carcinoma, 6/13 (46%) of poorly differentiated carcinoma, 7/13 (54%) of tumors with one marker immunohistochemically detected and 3/7 (43%) of tumors without any staining. It is concluded that response to chemotherapy was not predicted solely on the basis of the presence or absence of neuroendocrine elements in a relapsed tumor specimen. The results support the use of cytotoxic drugs in the relapsed setting and definitive trials are ongoing to prove any benefit to survival.
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PMID:Cytotoxic treatment of aggressive prostate tumors with or without neuroendocrine elements. 1465 Dec 12

We have continued our studies by detecting three markers of neuroendocrine tumours of the lungs, including chromogranin A, NSE and synaptophysin, to confirm the neuroendocrine origin of lung tumours and by examining the content of two anti-neoplastic cytokines, IL-2 and IL-12 in the tumours. The studies were performed on paraffin sections of lung carcinoids (n = 13) and small cell lung carcinomas (SCLC) (n = 15). Pronounced expression of all 3 markers of neuroendocrine tumours was detected in most of the pulmonary carcinoids and in 5/15 of SCLC. Co-expression of the two cytokines (IL-2 and IL-12) in tumour cells was detected in 12/13 patients with lung carcinoid and expression of at least one cytokine in 12/15 patients with SCLC. Significantly lower numbers of cells immunoreactive to both cytokines were detected in SCLC as compared to lung carcinoids. The studies have confirmed the literature data on the lowered secretion of IL-2 in SCLC and extend the data by supplying information on the expression of IL-12. The lowered expression of the two cytokines at the time of diagnosis may represent a prognostic factor for survival in SCLC.
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PMID:The expression of selected neuroendocrine markers and of anti-neoplastic cytokines (IL-2 and IL-12) in lung cancers. 1465 51

Carcinoid tumors belong to the family of neuroendocrine tumors, which are usually slow growing with distinct biological and clinical characteristics. The incidence of these tumors is approximately 2.5 in 100,000 people per year. The former classification system of foregut, midgut and hindgut tumors is still used in clinical routine, although there is a new World Health Organization classification. Determination of the histopathology of carcinoid tumors is of utmost importance and involves specific immunohistochemical staining for chromogranin A, synaptophysin, serotonin and gastrin. Proliferation capacity measured by Ki67 is used to guide forthcoming medical treatment. Localization procedures include computerized tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and positron emission tomography. Surgery remains the cornerstone of treatment and provides the only chance of a cure. Other cytoreductive procedures include radiofrequency ablation, laser treatment and chemoembolization. Biological treatment includes cytotoxic agents, such as somatostatin analogs and interferon-alpha, which should be applied in slow-growing neoplasms. Combination regimens including cisplatin, etoposide, streptozotocin and 5-fluorouracil should be reserved for treatment of highly proliferating tumors. Future therapy of carcinoid tumors will be based on the specific tumor biology and treatment will be customized for each individual patient. New therapies, such as antiangiogenic agents and new, long-acting somatostatin analogs, together with further development of tumor-targeted treatments, will come into clinical use in the near future.
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PMID:Diagnosis and treatment of carcinoid tumors. 1468 8

Intraoral localization of neuroendocrine carcinoma, usually called Merkel cell carcinoma, is extremely rare. A case of neuroendocrine carcinoma that was a counterpart of laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinoma but was not a Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring at the mandibular gingiva in a 69-year-old Japanese man, is described. The tumor formed a cauliflower-like mass, measuring 20 x 20 mm, with a small area of necrosis. A computed tomography image showed metastasis in the right submandibular lymph node. Histopathologically, the tumor was composed of immature, small round cells that formed anastomosing trabecular nests. Few mitotic and no necrotic features were observed in the nests. Immunohistochemical studies showed positive staining for chromogranin, synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase in the tumor nests. We diagnosed it as an atypical carcinoid (neuroendocrine carcinoma), a counterpart to the same type of tumor occurring in the larynx. The present case is an extremely rare case of neuroendocrine carcinoma without the feature of Merkel cell carcinoma arising from the gingiva.
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PMID:Atypical carcinoid (neuroendocrine carcinoma) of the gingiva: counterpart of a laryngeal tumor. 1472 Jan 39


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