Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0007095 (carcinoid)
 6,990 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic neoplasms has in the past been considered extremely uncommon. The histologic neuroendocrine patterns reported previously vary from small cell to carcinoidlike to mixed adenocarcinoma--small cell or carcinoid. The majority of the tumors reported are of the mixed variety. We reviewed 2648 autopsies, revealing 69 prostatic carcinomas, eight with neuroendocrine differentiation (five mixed adenocarcinoma--small-cell carcinoma, two "pure" small cell, and one "pure" carcinoidlike). The mean patient age was 69.5 years. One patient presented with markedly elevated serum corticotropin and another was severely hypercalcemic with elevated serum parathyroid hormone level. Three neoplasms were incidental autopsy findings. The mean survival time, after diagnosis, was 19 months for the other patients. Three of the cases were examined ultrastructurally and showed cytoplasmic processes containing membrane-bound granules in the neuroendocrine component. The areas with neuroendocrine differentiation were positive for markers as follows: neuron-specific enolase, seven of eight; prostate-specific antigen (PSA), none of eight; chromogranin A, seven of eight; synaptophysin, four of eight; and calcitonin, four of eight. Those neoplasms mixed with an adenocarcinoma component showed well-defined PSA positivity in the glandular elements. This study suggests that neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic neoplasms may be more common than previously thought. Often, the areas with neuroendocrine differentiation are considered to represent poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. It is important to recognize neuroendocrine components in prostatic carcinomas owing to prognostic and potential therapeutic implications.
 ...
PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinomas. A retrospective autopsy study. 246 64

The histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical features of twenty gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours are presented. Histologically, the foregut and hindgut carcinoids showed trabecular pattern and midgut carcinoid tumours usually showed insular type of growth. Histochemically, using the silver stains by the Grimelius and Masson-Fontana techniques, most (18 cases) were argyrophilic and 8 were argentaffin positive. Two appendiceal carcinoids were non-reactive. Mucin positivity was noted in a case of mucin producing carcinoid of the appendix. Immunohistochemistry for wide spectrum keratin, cytokeratin PKK1, carcinoembryonic antigen, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament and S-100 protein revealed epithelial and neural characteristics of carcinoid tumour cells. Wide spectrum keratin was positive in 12 while cytokeratin PKKI was negative in all. Carcinoembryonic antigen positivity was noted in 8 cases. Neuron-specific enolase immunoreactivity was seen in 18 cases whereas neurofilament was negative. S-100 protein positive cells were observed in close contact with and/or intermingled with tumour cells but the tumour cells themselves were negative. Immunoreactivity for somatostatin was seen in 8 cases, glucagon in three, and corticotrophin, insulin and gastrin in one case each. More than one hormone expression was noted in three cases, one each of gastric, appendiceal and rectal carcinoid tumours. These findings suggest that carcinoid tumours may develop from an uncommitted cell native to the site of tumour and differentiates along one or more directions, and the immunohistochemical findings and secretory profile of these tumour cells depend upon the direction of their differentiation.
 ...
PMID:Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours: histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study. 246 Nov 42

The increased knowledge of the pathobiology of gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours and the improved therapeutic possibilities have brought a demand for more precise diagnosis. Although the neuroendocrine tumours can often be tentatively recognized in routinely processed microscopic slides, their more accurate identification requires additional diagnostic procedures. General neuroendocrine markers, such as the argyrophil reaction of Grimelius and immunohistochemistry with application of antibodies against chromogranin A and of neuron-specific enolase are discriminatory staining methods which are used to reveal the neuroendocrine origin of almost all highly differentiated neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract (carcinoids) and pancreas (insulomas). Midgut carcinoids, which predominate among these tumours almost unexceptionally contain serotonin. This biogenic amine can be demonstrated by the argentaffin reaction of Masson, serotonin immunoreactivity or by formalin-induced fluorescence. The characteristic staining pattern of midgut carcinoids is almost invariably preserved in the metastases and can thus be used to reveal a primary midgut carcinoid. The enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell carcinoids of the body and fundic area of the stomach are argyrophil with Sevier-Munger silver stain. Other neuroendocrine tumours, viz, antral, duodenal and rectal carcinoids and insulomas, should be studied by a battery of relevant peptide hormone antisera for adequate diagnosis. About 50% of all insulin-producing insulomas are endowed with stromal amyloid deposits, which chemically are composed of a peptide designated islet amyloid polypeptide. This molecule has been observed by electron microscopical immunocytochemistry to occur exclusively in the beta-cells and is co-stored with insulin in the beta-cell granules.
 ...
PMID:Diagnostic pathology of gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. 247 24

Three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), NCC-LU-243, -244 and -246, detected three different epitopes on a 145-kDa cell membrane antigen, which had been designated as the cluster 1 antigen at the First International Workshop on Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Antigens. The distribution of the antigen in various tissues, cultured cells and sera was examined by immunohistochemistry and sandwich radioimmunoassay using these mAbs. The antigen is a normal differentiation antigen and is present in neuronal, neuroendocrine and cardiac muscle cells. The level of the antigen was highest in central nervous tissues, while it was undetectable in the liver, kidney and peripheral lung. Among tumor tissues, the antigen was detected only in SCLC, carcinoid tumor and neuroblastoma, indicating its usefulness as a marker for discriminating SCLC from non-SCLC. The level of the antigen varied among SCLC tissues and tended to be lower in variant-type cultured SCLC cells. Although an increase in the antigen level was observed in sera of some patients with advanced SCLC, the antigen did not possess any additional value over neuron-specific enolase as a serum tumor marker for monitoring SCLC patients.
 ...
PMID:Quantitative distribution of cluster 1 small cell lung cancer antigen in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues, cultured cells and sera. 247 55

The clinical, microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of 7 gastrinomas and 1 combined carcinoma-carcinoid tumor were evaluated. The tumors were located in the pancreas or duodenal wall in 6 cases, and on extragastro-enteropancreatic sites in 2 (liver or peripancreatic lymph node). All patients had the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 3 of them with additional bleeding and 1 with diarrhea. One patient with gastrinoma had additional tumors characteristic of the MEN-I syndrome. Immunohistochemistry showed gastrin and neuron-specific enolase-positivity in all of the tumors. Somatostatin was found in 4 cases, and single cell glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide. S-100 protein, keratin as well as carcino-embryonic antigen positivity in another few. Additional hormone production did not appear to be connected with biological behaviour of the tumors or with the clinical symptoms.
 ...
PMID:Studies into gastrinomas and combined carcinomatous carcinoid tumors. Optical light- and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. 248 34

Primary carcinoid tumours of the middle ear are extremely rare, only nine cases having been reported. However, their true incidence is probably greater, since they are very difficult or impossible to distinguish from adenomas and adenocarcinomas with conventional histological stains. We describe the clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings in a carcinoid tumour of the middle ear in a 50-year-old woman. Immunohistochemical studies on non-neoplastic middle ear mucosa undertaken to investigate the histogenesis of such tumours are also reported. Histologically, the tumour consisted of both solid areas and areas of tubular structures containing intraluminal mucus. All the tumour cells reacted with the anti-keratin antibody KL 1; some were argyrophil and reacted with antibodies against neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A, Leu-7, serotonin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and lysozyme. Electron microscopy revealed dense core granules in the tumour cells. Endocrine cells could not be detected in non-neoplastic middle ear mucosa. Pancreatic-polypeptide-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated immunohistochemically in all three other published cases of carcinoid tumour of the middle ear investigated for this peptide, and glucagon-like immunoreactivity was also exhibited by one of these. Since carcinoid tumours of the middle ear often, as in this case, exhibit some degree of glandular differentiation, immunohistochemical or electron-microscopic investigation to detect neuroendocrine differentiation is of particular importance in adenomatous middle ear neoplasms.
 ...
PMID:Carcinoid tumour of the middle ear. A morphological and immunohistochemical study with comments on histogenesis and differential diagnosis. 248 Dec 99

A case of thymic atypical carcinoid with Cushing's syndrome and unfavorable clinical course is reported. Immunohistochemical analysis reveals distinct staining of tumor cells for ACTH, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranins (CG) and S-100 protein and with PHE-5 monoclonal antibody. At an ultrastructural level, the cells are undifferentiated with only a few neurosecretory granules. In the present case, immunohistochemical stainings for CG and with PHE-5 antibody seem reliable diagnostic tools, easily demonstrating the neuroendocrine nature of the neoplasm. NSE immunoreactivity can be an additional criterion. S-100-positive cells, which are present throughout the tumor, recall 'sustentacular cells', described in other neuroendocrine tumors.
 ...
PMID:Mediastinal malignant carcinoid with Cushing's syndrome: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. 254 43

We report the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of three duodenal gangliocytic paragangliomas and compare them with duodenal carcinoid, extra-adrenal paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma, and ganglioneuroma. The gangliocytic paraganglioma is characterized by polygonal or columnar epithelial cells, ganglion cells, and spindle cells. The epithelial cells stained for neurofilament, neuron-specific enolase, pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin in three cases; leu-enkephalin, molluskan cardioexcitatory peptide, and vasoactive intestinal peptide in two; and glucagon and insulin in one case each. The ganglion cells were positive for leu-enkephalin, neurofilament, neuron-specific enolase, pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin in three cases, and glucagon in one. The spindle cells stained for neurofilament, neuron-specific enolase, and S-100 protein. Although there was some overlap in immunoreactivity between the gangliocytic paraganglioma and the other tumors examined, our data indicate that the gangliocytic paraganglioma is a distinctive lesion. We propose that it is a hyperplastic or neoplastic proliferation of 1) endodermally derived epithelial cells originating from the ventral primordium of the pancreas, 2) neuroectodermal ganglion cells, and 3) neuroectodermal spindle cells (Schwann cells).
 ...
PMID:Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study and a hypothesis concerning its origin. 257 47

Because so-called 'carcinoid' tumour of the breast has proven to be a difficult entity to define, we studied in-situ carcinoma as there were reasons to believe that this might help clarify the complex problems involved. We studied a consecutive series of 30 cases of ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) by light microscopy and silver impregnation methods and identified a relatively common endocrine variant of DCIS. This variant was studied by immunocytochemical and ultrastructural methods, using conventional DCIS as a control. Endocrine DCIS is identified by its organoid pattern, stromal 'inclusions', festooned structure and a distinctive type of polypoid invagination. It is argyrophilic and rich in neuron-specific enolase. Ultrastructurally it contains abundant dense core granules which are impregnated selectively by Grimelius' method. This tumour type frequently contains peptide hormones of the ACTH family. Three of seven cases contained cells reactive for ACTH and corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide CLIP or their precursor, pro-opiomelanocortin. A fourth tumour contained neurotensin, recently identified in a variety of endocrine tumours. Argyrophil invasive carcinomas are a much more heterogeneous group of tumours than argyrophil DCIS and only a minority have an endocrine structure comparable to that described here.
 ...
PMID:A morphological and immunocytochemical study of a distinctive variant of ductal carcinoma in-situ of the breast. 1789 2

Two cases of breast tumors with a uniform solid carcinoid pattern and argyrophilic dense-core granules were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in order to compare their characteristics with known features of other carcinoid tumors and ordinary breast carcinomas. The tumors were positive for keratin-type intermediate filaments, neuron-specific enolase and alpha-chain of human chorion gonadotropin but negative for vimentin and S-100 protein. Laminin was found only in a rim between tumor cell islands and stroma but not among the cells. It is concluded that these tumors are histologically, ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically similar to other carcinoid tumors. The present results suggest that both breast carcinoids and carcinomas may have a common precursor in the mammary secretory unit.
 ...
PMID:Breast tumors with a solid and uniform carcinoid pattern. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of two cases. 258 Feb 94


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>