Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0006849 (oral candidiasis)
 1,939 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to quantitate levels of cytokines in parotid saliva of subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and to determine if the cytokine profiles differ in subjects with an oral opportunistic infection, i.e., candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia. Parotid saliva samples were obtained from HIV-infected individuals with or without candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia and from healthy controls and were assessed by ELISA for levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma. Saliva from HIV-infected subjects with oral candidiasis had significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma than that seen in HIV-infected individuals with no oral disease and significantly higher levels of IL-2, IL-5 and IFN-gamma than saliva of healthy controls. No significant difference was seen in cytokine levels in saliva from HIV-infected subjects with no oral infections and healthy controls. The HIV-infected subjects with oral hairy leukoplakia displayed significantly higher levels of both IL-1 alpha and IFN-gamma compared with the HIV and no oral disease group and a higher level of IFN-gamma than seen in saliva from the healthy control group. In comparing cytokine levels from both HIV and oral disease groups, significant differences were detected in levels of IL-5 and IL-10. These results indicate that the profile of salivary cytokines is altered as a result of the oral opportunistic infection candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia and also by concurrent HIV infection.
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PMID:Cytokine profiles in parotid saliva from HIV-1-infected individuals: changes associated with opportunistic infections in the oral cavity. 1115 69

Cell-mediated immunity is important for anti-Candida host defence in mucosal tissues. In this study we used cytokine-specific gene knockout mice to investigate the requirement for T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines in recovery from oral candidiasis. Knockout mice used in this study included interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, IL-12p40, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF). The mice were challenged either orally or systemically with Candida albicans yeasts, and levels of colonization were determined. IL-12p40 knockout mice developed chronic oropharyngeal candidiasis, but were not more susceptible to systemic challenge. On the other hand, TNF knockout mice displayed increased susceptibility to both oral and systemic challenge, but only in the acute stages of infection. TNF apparently has a protective effect in the acute stages of both oral and systemic candidiasis, whereas IL-12p40 is essential for recovery from oral but not systemic candidiasis. The role of IL-12p40, and its relation to T-cell-mediated responses remain to be determined.
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PMID:Distinct roles for interleukin-12p40 and tumour necrosis factor in resistance to oral candidiasis defined by gene-targeting. 1684 10

Candida albicans(C. albicans) is the major infectious agent of oral candidiasis, and both innate immunity and cell-mediated immune response participate in the control of the fungal infections. The aim of this study was to correlate the clinical forms of oral candidiasis with the number of colony forming units (CFU) of C. albicans in saliva and to characterize T cell response in patients with oral candidiasis. Participants included 75 subjects: 36 with lesions of candidiasis and 39 without lesions of oral candidiasis. A 2-ml sample of saliva was collected from all subjects for microbiological analysis. Cytokine levels were determined by ELISA in supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 25 patients with oral candidiasis, after in vitro stimulation with C. albicans antigens. In 48% of patients, no association was observed with denture use. C. albicans was detected in the saliva of 91.7% of patients with oral candidiasis, and there was an association between the number of CFU and the presence of oral lesions. A type Th1 immune response was observed in supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with C. albicans antigens. In contrast, IL-5 and IL-10 levels were very low or undetectable. Together, this study shows an association between clinical forms of oral candidiasis and the number of colonies of C. albicans in saliva, and that a systemic immune response characterized by the production of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma is observed in patients with oral candidiasis.
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PMID:Microbiological and immunological features of oral candidiasis. 1770 33

Licorice (the root of Glycyrrhizae plant) has been used as an oriental herbal medicine for thousands of years. The licorice flavonoid components are reported to possess immunomodulatory activities. In this present study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of liquiritigenin (LG) and liquiritin (LQ), licorice flavonoid components, against disseminated candidiasis due to Candida albicans, a dimorphic fungus, that causes severe disease via hematogenous dissemination and local diseases such as vaginitis and thrush. Results showed that direct interaction of LG or LQ with C. albicans yeast cells resulted in no growth-inhibition, in vitro. When tested in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis, mice given LQ intraperitoneally before intravenous challenge with live C. albicans yeast cells had similar mean survival times (MST) as untreated mice groups. On the contrary, mice given LG in the same manner as LQ above had longer MST than the untreated mice groups (P < 0.05). In one experiment, 3 out of 5 LG-treated mice survived during the entire period of the 55-day observation. Furthermore, the 3 survivors were cured -- shown by a lack of CFU (colony forming unit) in the kidneys. This protection was nulled when mice were pretreated with anti-CD4+ antibody before LG-treatment and challenge with the yeast. However, the protection was transferable by the CD4+ T cells isolated from LG-treated mice not infected with the yeast. In addition, mice given CD4+ T cells that were pre-treated with LG, in vitro were also protected against disseminated candidiasis. ELISA analysis revealed that in LG-treated mice IFNgamma and IL-2 were dominantly produced compared to IL-4 and IL-10. When LG-given mice were treated with anti-mouse IFNgamma, the protection was again nulled. Combined together, these results indicate that LG protects mice against disseminated candidiasis by the CD4+ Th1 immune response.
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PMID:Liquiritigenin, a licorice flavonoid, helps mice resist disseminated candidiasis due to Candida albicans by Th1 immune response, whereas liquiritin, its glycoside form, does not. 1926 52