Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0006826 (cancer)
 1,092,456 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To ascertain anorexigenic effect of toxohormone-L, a polypeptide extracted and purified from ascites of patients with hepatoma were infused into the rat third cerebroventricle. Food intake decreased on the first day after infusion of an optimum dose of 10.0 micrograms (p less than 0.05). The suppressive effect on feeding was linearly dose dependent (p less than 0.05). Meal size and latency to the first meal decreased in the 12-h dark period, and the first and the second 4-h cumulative blocks after infusion of a 10.0 micrograms dose (p less than 0.01 for each). The suppressive effects on total food intake and meal size were completely recovered within 24 h after infusion. Neither postprandial intermeal interval nor eating speed was affected. Periprandial drinking, a ratio of water intake to food intake, was not affected after infusion of 5.0 and 10.0 micrograms toxohormone-L. Infusion of a 10.0 micrograms dose showed no effect on ambulation. These findings suggest that anorexia and cachexia produced in cancer patients may essentially be due to the suppressive effect of toxohormone-L on food intake.
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PMID:Anorexia induced by toxohormone-L isolated from ascites fluid of patients with hepatoma. 132 17

We have previously shown that spontaneous physical exercise can delay the onset of experimental anorexia and cachexia and retard tumour growth and we now report the effects on the energy metabolism in skeletal muscle. Exercising tumour-bearing animals (TBE) had an increased maximal capacity for oxygen uptake expressed as Vmax of the cytochrome c oxidase compared with their tumour-bearing sedentary controls (TBS) [mean (S.E.) 289.9 (30.7) vs. 141.6 (11.0); P less than 0.05] but an unchanged Km value. The TBS animals had a depressed Vmax as compared with non-tumour-bearing sedentary controls (CS) [141.6 (11.0) vs. 210.1 (15.1); P less than 0.05]. Most of the purine nucleotides in the 'glycolytic' anterior tibial muscle were significantly altered in the TBE animals compared with the TBS animals, but in the mainly 'oxidative' soleus muscle only the level of inosine monophosphate (IMP) was changed. The results indicate that physical exercise can normalise the oxidative capacity and improve the energy state in skeletal muscle in the tumour-bearing host.
Eur J Cancer 1992
PMID:Cytochrome c oxidase and purine nucleotides in skeletal muscle in tumour-bearing exercising rats. 132 6

Tumor necrosis factor is a cytokine that participates in the mediation of numerous diseases associated with inflammation, cachexia, shock, and tissue injury. Early studies of the biology of TNF delineated its hormonal actions as well as its systemic toxicity. More recent investigations have drawn attention to its paracrine actions that predominate when it is produced locally in the brain or vital organs. For instance, when compartmentalized production of TNF occurs in the central nervous system it directly mediates fever, anorexia, and altered whole-body metabolism. Since these changes are mediated within the neural network they occur independently of simultaneously sampled serum TNF levels. These paracrine actions of TNF have implications for diseases associated with production of TNF in tissues (e.g. HIV cerebritis, multiple sclerosis, cerebral malaria and cancer), because they may differ markedly from the hormone like-actions associated with systemic release. Since TNF may be beneficial in some diseases yet injurious in others, both the hormonal and paracrine actions must be precisely defined in order to formulate novel treatment strategies based on either enhancing its useful effects, or suppressing toxicity.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor in metabolism of disease: hormonal actions versus local tissue effects. 134 May 27

To determine whether the location of tumour growth influences host cytokine and metabolic responses, experimental subcutaneous (SQ) and liver (LIV) tumours were compared in Buffalo rats. An LIV tumour that was only 1 +/- 1% (P < 0.05 versus SQ) of body weight produced similar anorexia, weight loss, acute phase response, and systemic cytokine responses as are SQ tumour that was 10 +/- 2% of body weight. Neither tumour-bearing group had abnormal liver function tests or evidence of obstructive biliary pathology. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) was detected by western analysis in both tumour as well as histologically normal liver remote from the tumour in the LIV group but not in livers of animals in freely fed and SQ groups. The proximity of the tumour to competent tissue macrophage populations, such as hepatic Kupffer cells, may be sufficient to induce cachexia. Hence, tumour location may be as important as tumour burden in determining the host's response to cancer.
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PMID:Tumour location influences local cytokine production and host metabolism. 134 Dec 37

A 77-year-old female with primary duodenal cancer had undergone pancreatoduodenectomy in May, 1989. Postoperative chemotherapy was done in combination with MMC (mitomycin C), lentinan and UFT (combined medicine of tegafur and uracil). In August, 1991, the patient complained of a cough and then was examined for multiple pulmonary metastases from duodenal cancer by chest X-ray and CT-scan. Then, she received 5'-DFUR (400-800 mg) and MMC (total 6 mg). Two months from the start of this therapy, the cough almost vanished and pulmonary lesions were diminished markedly. For about five months, this case corresponded to partial response (PR) according to the response criteria proposed by Koyama-Saitoh. The side effects of 5'-DFUR were diarrhea and anorexia. Therefore, we think that 5'-DFUR and a small dose of MMC yielded a partial response to multiple pulmonary metastases from duodenal cancer.
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PMID:[A case of multiple pulmonary metastases from duodenal cancer showing partial response using 5'-DFUR and a small dose of MMC]. 136 Nov 21

Anorexia and cachexia are major problems in patients with cancer. Such measures as anti-cancer therapy, dietary counselling or hyperalimentation are not very successful in reversing this phenomenon in the vast majority of cancer patients. Thus, several drugs have been evaluated as agents to ameliorate cancer-associated anorexia/cachexia. Cyproheptadine is an antiserotonergic drug which appears to cause slight appetite stimulation in patients. A randomised clinical trial, however, was unable to demonstrate any weight gain from this agent. Corticosteroids are frequently used in clinical practice for appetite stimulation in patients with advanced malignancies. Supporting this practice, 4 randomised clinical trials showed that corticosteroid medications can stimulate the appetites of advanced cancer patients. However, these studies were not able to show any substantial nonfluid weight gain in treated patients. Megestrol acetate is a progestational agent which appears to be a relatively potent appetite stimulant. Randomised studies in advanced cancer patients have shown both substantial appetite stimulation and improvement in the nonfluid bodyweights of patients receiving this drug. Preliminary evidence also suggests that this drug has antiemetic properties. Several clinical studies are currently ongoing to determine the effect of various doses of megestrol acetate in patients with cancer. Efforts are also ongoing to evaluate both anabolic steroids and hydrazine sulfate as drugs for the treatment of patients with cancer anorexia/cachexia. The preliminary nature of these investigations, however, precludes recommendations for the use of either of these latter 2 drugs in routine clinical practice.
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PMID:Cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia. Implications for drug therapy. 137 16

Two policies of palliative thoracic radiotherapy for NSCLC have been compared in a randomised multicentre controlled trial aimed at simplifying the palliative treatment of patients with poor performance status. A total of 235 patients were entered. They had inoperable, microscopically confirmed disease, too advanced for 'curative' radiotherapy. Their main symptoms were related to the primary intrathoracic tumour even if metastases were present, and they had a poor performance status. Patients were allocated at random to regimens of either 17 Gy given in two fractions of 8.5 Gy 1 week apart (F2 regimen, 117 patients), or a single fraction of 10 Gy (F1 regimen, 118 patients). Two patients (one in each group) were excluded from all analyses because they were found to have had previously treated malignant disease and had been admitted in error. On admission, 95% of the 233 eligible patients had cough, 47% haemoptysis, 59% chest pain, 64% anorexia, and 16% dysphagia. As assessed by the clinicians, these symptoms were palliated in high proportions of patients, ranging in the F2 group from 48% for cough to 75% for haemoptysis, and in the F1 group from 55% for anorexia to 72% for haemoptysis and chest pain. For all five symptoms the median duration of palliation was 50% or more of survival. All these results were similar in the two treatment groups. In contrast, on daily assessment by the patients using a diary card, those treated with the F2 regimen experienced substantially more dysphagia, which was recorded in 56% of the patients compared with 23% in the F1 group (difference 33%: 95% confidence interval 17-48%). The median survival from randomisation was 100 days in the F2 group and 122 days in the F1 group. The F1 regimen, as it requires only a single attendance for treatment, is recommended as a palliative regimen for patients with inoperable NSCLC and a poor performance status.
Br J Cancer 1992 Jun
PMID:A Medical Research Council (MRC) randomised trial of palliative radiotherapy with two fractions or a single fraction in patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and poor performance status. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. 137 84

The cancer-related cachexia/anorexia syndrome is not well understood. It is related to several factors like metabolic changes, tumor types, and disease extent and is frequently accompanied by decreased performance status. An important aspect of anorexia is the psychosocial problem: the patient is unable to join the family for meals precisely when he or she most needs familial support. Several randomized studies have shown that megestrol acetate, possibly in a dose-dependent fashion, can improve appetite and lead to weight gain. This effect seems to be most prevalent in patients with breast cancer and also occurs in the absence of a tumor response. We have retrospectively analyzed 176 patients with cancer types other than breast cancer who received only palliative treatment. The patients were treated with megestrol acetate (160 mg tid) because they complained of anorexia. After 10 days of treatment, megestrol acetate was continued only in those patients whose appetite and/or general well-being improved. Fifty-seven patients (32%) experienced such an improvement and asked for continuation of therapy. Many basic questions are still unanswered; nonetheless, from a practical clinical view it seems worthwhile to offer anorectic patients a chance to improve, especially since side effects of megestrol acetate are absent or mild, and the distinction between responders and nonresponders can be made by 10 days of treatment.
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PMID:Cachexia and cancer: a clinician's view. 138 53

Between June 1982 and July 1990, 55 patients (41 with bladder cancers and 14 with renal pelvic or ureteral cancers) who had undergone radical extirpative surgery and/or node dissection for pathological stage pT2-4 and/or nodal disease received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin alone or in combination with other agents. In all, 26 of the bladder-cancer patients also received preoperative chemotherapy consisting of arterial infusion of cisplatin, mitomycin C, and Adriamycin. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed according to the following protocol. Between June 1982 and July 1987, 30-50 mg/m2 cisplatin either alone or in combination with Adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil (CAF) was given to 35 patients in an induction and maintenance setting for 1 year. After July 1987, short-course cisplatin (70 mg/m2) or cisplatin, etoposide, and Adriamycin combination chemotherapy (CVA) was given to 20 patients. Of the 55 patients, 38 are alive and show no evidence of disease, three are alive with disease, 13 have died of their disease, and 1 has died of an unrelated cause. The 5-year survival of all patients was 65.1%. The survival of the 20 patients who were treated after July 1987 was better than that of the 35 patients who were treated before June 1987. Local recurrence and/or distant dissemination occurred in 16 patients, 13 of whom died of cancer progression. Nausea and vomiting and anorexia occurred in most patients during the administration of cisplatin. Mild to moderate myelosuppression developed in patients who received CAF or CVA combination chemotherapy. Although adjuvant chemotherapy combined with radical surgery seemed to be effective in cases with a pathological stage of pT3a or less, more intensive pre- or postoperative chemotherapy is needed to improve the poor prognosis of patients with deeply invasive uroepithelial cancer.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1992
PMID:Results of adjuvant chemotherapy for invasive uroepithelial cancer. 139 19

Between December 1982 and November 1990, 31 patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma were treated with one of two combination chemotherapy regimens. A total of 20 patients were treated with 3 mg/m2 mitomycin C and 300 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide given intravenously every 10-14 days and with 180 mg/m2 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) given intravenously every day for as long as possible (CF-Mito regimen). After the patient had been discharged from the hospital, the same treatment with CF-Mito was performed except that 180 mg/m2 5-FU was replaced by 400 mg/m2 UFT (a mixture of tegafur and uracil) given orally. A total of 11 patients whose tumor had relapsed during the first-line treatment were given 60 mg/m2 cisplatin, 40 mg/m2 Adriamycin, and 40 mg/m2 methotrexate intravenously every 28 days (PAM regimen). In all, 20 patients received 4-44 (mean, 9.7) courses of CF-Mito over a period of 1.5-24 (mean, 5.3) months. The results obtained in these 20 patients with evaluable lesions included no complete remission (CR), 4 partial remissions (PRs), 9 cases of stable disease (SD), and 7 cases of progressive disease (PD). The PR duration was 1.5-22 (mean, 7.5) months. The side effects encountered in this group included anorexia, nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression, diarrhea, stomatitis, liver damage, and heart failure. In all, 11 patients received 3-7 (mean, 4.1) courses of PAM over a period of 3-14.5 (mean, 5.2) months. All 11 patients had evaluable lesions, and their responses included no CR, 5 PRs, 3 cases of SD, and 3 cases of PD. The PR duration was 1-3 (mean, 1.6) months. The side effects encountered in this group included anorexia, nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression, heart failure, and hair loss.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1992
PMID:Combination chemotherapy for advanced urothelial-tract carcinoma. 139 20


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