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Query: UMLS:C0006826 (cancer)
 1,092,456 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cancers of the head and neck are accessible to both inspection and palpation in the majority of patients. This accessibility allows for improvements in detection, through education of the medical profession and also of the allied health personnel. Some of the new advances in detection and diagnosis have been associated with development of new instruments. A new lens system developed by Hopkins allows a brighter endoscopic image and a significantly greater breadth of field. Needle aspiration biopsy techniques have also improved both in facility of performance and in accuracy of diagnosis. Asteriography aids in the detection of carotid body tumors. Selective parathormone studies have considerably improved the preoperative accuracy of evaluating parathyroid disease. Scans, both using ultrasound and a fluorescent iodine scan have also improved the preoperative evaluation of thyroid tumors. A challenge of detection is the realization that there is an increased risk of the development of thyroid cancer in childhood and in adults in those patients who received radiation therapy to the head and neck during infancy or childhood. A national campaign to alert potential individuals at risk should be a prime objective of the American Cancer Society.
Cancer 1976 Jan
PMID:Advances in detection and diagnosis of head and neck tumors. 124 87

There is a long history recording the association of x radiation and the subsequent development of malignant tumors. For systematically administered isotopes this came into prominence when Martland discovered the association between cancer, particularly of the bone, and ingestion of radioactive isotopes by radium dial painters. This association was amplified by the development of cancer in patients given thorotrast as a contrast medium for diagnostic radiologic examination. Acute leukemia was reported 30 years ago in patients with polycythemia vera treated with 32P. Acute leukemia also occurs in patients with polycythemia vera treated only with phlebotomy or drugs. A controlled study is now underway to provide a more definite answer to question what is the incidence of acute leukemia in patients with polycythemia vera treated by phlebotomy alone, chlorambucil, or 32P. 131I for the treatment of hyperthyroidism probably does not induce cancer, but in the doses used for thyroid cancer there was an increased incidence of neoplasms (12/200 in one study). This was higher than the expected incidence of neoplasms. The doses of radioactive isotopes used currently for diagnostic purposes have not induced cancer, but it is difficult and probably impossible to verify this with absolute certainty.
Cancer 1976 Feb
PMID:The association between systemically administered radioisotopes and subsequent malignant disease. 125 26

Controversy exists concerning the management of solitary thryoid nodules because of conflicting information converning the high clinical incidence of thyroid nodules, the varying incidence of cancer reported in those surgically excised and the infrequency of death from thyroid cancer. During the past several years, a plan for evaluating patients with dominant thyroid masses has evolved. The objective is to avoid unnecessary operations by identifying patients with a high risk of cancer. The criteria which are used are the age and sex of the patient, the duration of the mass, 125I or 99mTc scans, 75Selenomethionine scans, B-mode ultrasonography and the response of the mass to suppressive therapy. This is a report of the findings in 222 patients who have been studied employing this approach. Thirty per cent of the patients were operated upon. Forty per cent had neoplasms (well differentiated cancer--28.8%, adenoma--12.1%), 47.0%--nodular goiter, 6.1% cysts, and 6.1% chronic thyroiditis. The incidence of cancer in the 222 patients was 8.6% and adenoma 3.6%. Patients at greatest risk of having cancer are those with solid nonfunctioning nodules which fail to regress with suppressive therapy. This study indicates that the approach described above is effective in selecting for surgical excision those individuals at greatest risk of having thyroid cancer.
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PMID:Evaluation of dominant thyroid masses. 127 87

The aim of this work was to develop a computer program (CANEST) to estimate the risk of cancer in patient populations and to use this program to investigate cancer risk associated with several dermatological disorders. Patients seen at the dermatology departments at the Karolinska Hospital and South Hospital were used for the study of chronic urticaria, condylomata acuminata, basal cell carcinoma, lichen planus and positive patch tests. The national Swedish In-Patient Register was used to find all patients hospitalized for dermatomyositis or polymyositis since 1964. From eleven large dermatological centers in Sweden, details of close to 5,000 PUVA-treated patients were obtained for study. The computer program CANEST was developed and used to calculate the expected number of malignant tumors in these patient populations, based on incidence data from the Swedish Cancer Register for the years 1958-1987. By matching the patients' records with the Cancer Register the actual number of cancers was obtained. Of 1,155 patients with chronic urticaria, a malignancy was diagnosed in 36, while the expected number was 41: clearly there is therefore no association between chronic urticaria and malignancy. In 3,260 patients with condylomata acuminata there was no increased risk of cancer in situ of the cervix (relative risk = 1.5; 95% confidence interval 0.9 to 2.5) and the number of genitourinary cancers in males was almost three times higher than expected (2.6; 1.2 to 5.0). These results indicate that the risk of developing cervical carcinoma in situ is less than previously thought, but the implications of the increase in genitourinary tumors in males are uncertain. Patients with basal cell carcinoma had an increased risk of malignancy in general. Melanoma risk was seven times greater in males (6.6; 3.0 to 12.5) after the basal cell carcinoma diagnosis. Risks of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, lung cancer, thyroid cancer and cancer of the uterine cervix were also increased. No increased risk of cutaneous malignancy was found in 2,071 patients with lichen planus, but for oral cancer it was six times greater in males (5.9; 2.5 to 11.4). A slight general increase in malignancy risk was found in 2,183 males (1.3; 1.1 to 1.5) with positive patch tests, but not in 3,675 females. When individual sites were analyzed, cancers of the lung, larynx, uterine cervix and prostate were significantly increased. The implications of this are uncertain, but might indicate a common failure of the immune system which might predispose for both conditions, or be a marker of certain occupational exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Skin disease and malignancy. An epidemiological study. 128 38

Prognostic factors and therapeutic results in a group of 268 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) aged over 60 years are reported. These cases were selected from a total of 1457 DTC-patients seen at our Center from 1967 to 1987. All elderly patients underwent total thyroidectomy, and were treated with 131I therapy and suppressive hormonal therapy. Moreover, external radiotherapy was performed in 20% and chemotherapy in 3.8% of all cases. Follow-up included periodical clinical examination, serum Thyroglobulin (Tg) determination, 131I total body scan (TBS), and echographic and radiologic survey. Several unfavorable prognostic factors were identified in elderly patients with DTC. In comparison with data obtained in a group of patients under 60 years of age, 1) the follicular histologic type was increased, papillary/follicular ratio was 1.1 vs 2.6; 2) the F/M ratio was decreased, 1.5 vs 2.8 for papillary tumors, and 1.7 vs 3.6 for follicular tumors; 3) the rate of cases with local extrathyroid tumor growth and distant metastases was higher, and 4) rates of metastases to bone and metastases with low 131I uptake were increased. Moreover, the 10-year survival rate in elderly patients with lymph node and distant metastases was significantly reduced compared to younger patients, both for papillary and follicular cancer. The finding of detectable serum Tg levels was well correlated with the presence of metastatic disease. Moreover, Tg sensitivity was higher than TBS in showing the presence of metastatic foci. DTC in elderly people must be considered an aggressive tumor both for follicular and papillary histologic types. A radical approach is recommended: total thyroidectomy, 131I administration, and suppressive hormonal therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in the elderly. 129 48

Last September, "Nature" reported a great increase in the frequency of thyroid cancer in children in Belarus. Some additional data are now available and strengthen the previous findings. The overall incidence of thyroid cancer in children rose from an average of four cases per year till 1989 to more than 50 in 1991 and 1992. Nearly all of the 146 cancers recorded since 1986 are papillary carcinomas. Moreover these cancers appear relatively aggressive. The occurrence of such an increase within a few years of exposure--and only in children--is quite unexpected. Therefore, it seems very important to monitor trends in future and more information is needed, as different questions remain unanswered: dosimetry, diagnosis methods, other thyroid diseases... In conclusion, the authors stress on the very importance of iodine prophylaxis in case of an accidental contamination by radioisotopes of iodine. It seems possible that cancer excess would have been less important, if Belarus children had been given stable iodine.
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PMID:[Increase of cancers of the thyroid gland in children in Byelarus]. 134 Jun 83

In the last decade, suramin has become known for its antiproliferative, differentiation-inducing effects on cells and has been successfully used in the therapy of cancer patients. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of suramin on normal human thyroid cells in primary monolayer culture and to analyse whether it also affected cells from thyroid carcinomas. The results show that suramin, at concentrations similar to serum levels obtainable during therapy, inhibited the proliferation of thyroid cells as well as the secretion of thyroglobulin. It suppressed the activation of adenylyl cyclase in thyroid membranes and decreased the immunogenicity of the cells by reducing their surface expression of HLA-DR and ICAM-1. Although the morphology of differentiated thyroid cells remained unaffected by suramin, morphological changes compatible with differentiation were observed in cells from undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas when suramin was added to the culture medium. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that suramin has pronounced in-vitro effects on normal and neoplastic thyroid cells. It may, therefore, also be effective in patients with thyroid cancer, for whom no other form of treatment is available.
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PMID:Suramin affects differentiated and undifferentiated human thyroid epithelial cells in vitro. 135 69

In our Department 37,504 autopsies were performed in the last 30 years. Double multiple primary malignant tumours were found in 385 cases (4.2% of the cases with malignant tumours). In thyroid cancer cases, tumours of other organs were more frequent (20 cases, 22.7%), and these tumour associations were observed mainly simultaneously; there were no significant sex differences. In the more frequent synchronous cases, the thyroid cancer was a tumour only accessory to other malignancies; in the rarer metachronous cases, the thyroid cancer was secondary to postoperative irradiation of the first tumour (4 of 5 cases). Thyroid cancers were seen most frequently together with lung, breast and digestive system tumours; there was no special association recognizable to certain other malignancies. Follicular carcinoma was more frequent among the cancers associated with another tumour (12 of 20 cases), while in general the papillary was the most frequent type (48 of 88 cases).
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PMID:Primary malignant tumours associated with thyroid carcinoma in autopsy material. 136 76

A multiple growth factor-producing tumor cell line (NIM-1) was newly established from a patient with thyroid cancer and remarkable neutrophilia. NIM-1 cells also caused severe neutrophilia in nude mice bearing tumors. NIM-1-conditioned medium (NIM-1CM) contained activities that supported not only granulocyte, macrophage and eosinophil colony formation of human bone marrow cells but also the growth of colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-dependent cell lines, NFS60-KX and TF-1. Northern blot hybridization analysis revealed the constitutive expression of granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), granulocyte/macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF) and interleukin(IL)-6 mRNAs in NIM-1 cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using NIM-1CM also confirmed the production of IL-1 alpha and a small amount of IL-1 beta besides G-CSF, GM-CSF and IL-6 in NIM-1 cells. In addition, unexpected production of IL-11 in NIM-1 cells was detected by northern blot hybridization analysis and by bioassay using an IL-11-dependent cell line. Therefore, NIM-1 cell line is shown to produce multiple cytokines including potentially megakaryopoietic growth factors such as GM-CSF, IL-6 and IL-11.
Jpn J Cancer Res 1992 Feb
PMID:Production of multiple growth factors by a newly established human thyroid carcinoma cell line. 137 85

To elucidate the mechanism of action for intratumoral injection of immunopotentiators, infiltrating mononuclear cells and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were assayed by immunostaining tissue samples of differentiated thyroid cancer resected with or without presurgical local application of OK-432, a streptococcal preparation. Frozen sections of resected specimens were stained with monoclonal antibodies using either a conventional or a modified immunoperoxidase method. The tumors injected with OK-432 showed increased T lymphocyte infiltration and HLA-DR expression on cancer cells as compared to the non-injected controls. Among these T cells, the CD4+ subset was more numerous than the CD8+ population. In four out of the seven cases constituting the injected group, numerous TNF-positive cells were seen in clusters or lines as well as scattered, while none of the seven cases in the control group was associated with a considerable amount of these cells. In their morphology and distribution pattern, these TNF-positive cells appeared to be of macrophage lineage. Thus local injection of OK-432 in thyroid cancer was shown to recruit T lymphocytes of predominantly the CD4+ subset and to induce in situ production of TNF, a known potent tumoricidal cytokine. The present data warrant further studies in this direction besides wider clinical intratumoral application of the reagent.
Cancer Immunol Immunother 1992
PMID:Recruitment of T lymphocytes and induction of tumor necrosis factor in thyroid cancer by a local immunotherapy. 137 73


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