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Query: UMLS:C0006277 (bronchitis)
 6,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fundamental and clinical studies in the pediatric field on ceftizoxime were carried out, and the following results were obtained. 1. In 4 children age from 3 years to 5 years, the serum concentrations and urinary excretion of ceftizoxime in a dose of 20 mg/kg by intravenous drip infusion over 60 minutes were measured. The peak serum levels were 22.0--84.0 microgram/ml (mean 45.0 microgram/ml) at the end of infusion. The mean serum levels after the end of infusion were 16.9 microgram/ml at 30 minutes, 12.1 microgram/ml at 1 hour, 6.2 microgram/ml at 2 hours, 1.6 microgram/ml at 4 hours and 0.6 microgram/ml at 6 hours, with mean serum half-life (T 1/2) of 1.03 hours, mean urinary recovery rate was 64.9% up to 6 hours. 2. Concentrations of the drug in the cerebrospinal fluid in 1 patient with purulent meningitis at 30 minutes after an intravenous drip infusion of about 33.3 mg/kg were 0.2 to 1.5 microgram/ml, which were 8 to 60 times higher than the MICs of the causative organisms. 3. Ceftizoxime was administered to 38 children with pneumonia, bronchitis, Salmonella enteritis, purulent meningitis, etc. in the daily dose of 44--200 mg/kg for 3--19 days. Clinical response was excellent in 24, good in 12, poor in 1 and unknown in 1. The drug was proved to be very effective in 1 case of purulent meningitis due to H. influenzae. As for side effect, eruption was observed in only 1 case.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies in pediatric field on ceftizoxime (author's transl)]. 627 12

Ceftizoxime, a new cephalosporin preparation, was evaluated for its antibacterial activity, absorption, excretion and clinical effectiveness, and the following results were obtained. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftizoxime against 211 clinical isolates were determined in comparison with those of cefazolin, cefmetazole, cefotiam and 6059 S. Against S. pyogenes (50 strains), ceftizoxime was 1 tube inferior to cefazolin inoculum size of 10(8) cells/ml, but was 2--3 tubes superior to cefmetazole and 6059-S. Against E. coli (50 strains), ceftizoxime and 6059-S were significantly more active than the other drugs. The susceptibility pattern of Klebsiella sp. (50 strains) to ceftizoxime was similar to that to cefotiam and 6059-S. Against Proteus sp. (50 strains), cefotiam and 6059-S were more active than the other drugs. Ceftizoxime was intermediate in activity, and cefazolin was the least active. Against H. influenzae (11 strains), ceftizoxime was the most active, with concentrations of 0.1 mcg/ml required to inhibit 100% of strains with an inoculum size of 10(8) cells/ml and 10(6) cells/ml. A dose of ceftizoxime 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg was administered to 15 patients aged from 5 years to 12 years, and serum levels and urinary excretion of the drug were measured. Intravenous bolus injection of the drug in dose of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg yielded mean serum levels of 26.6 mcg/ml and 55.7 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, respectively. The serum levels of the drug, thereafter, declined gradually but still remained 1.3 mcg/ml and 2.7 mcg/ml at 6 hours. The serum half-lives (T 1/2) were estimated to be 1.17 hours in dose of 10 mg/kg and 1.31 hours in dose of 20 mg/kg. When a dose of 20 mg/kg was infused over a period of 30 minutes, the serum levels attained the peak of 72.4 mcg/ml to 82.4 mcg/ml (mean 79.4 mcg/ml) at the end of infusion. The levels, thereafter, tapered to mean levels of 45.3 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, 24.7 mcg/ml at 1 1/2 hours, and 3.6 mcg/ml at 5 1/2 hours, with a T 1/2 of 1.22 hours. Meanwhile, when the same dose was infused over 1 hour, the serum levels attained the peak of 59.4 mcg/ml to 68.5 mcg/ml (mean 64.2 mcg/ml). The mean serum levels after the end of infusion were 41.3 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, 21.6 mcg/ml at 1 hour and 1.9 mcg/ml at 5 hours, with a T 1/2 of 0.97 hours. Urinary recovery of the drug was 69.2% to 79.9% after intravenous injection and 62.3% to 79.9% after drip infusion, most of the given drug was excreted in the first 2 hours after administration. In our clinical study, 27 children with moderate or severe infections (12 cases of bronchopneumonia or bronchitis, 5 of pyelonephritis, 3 of purulent meningitis, etc.) were treated with ceftizoxime at the daily dose of 30--309 mg/kg for 3--23 days. Clinical response was excellent in 10, good in 9, fair in 5 and poor in 3. The drug was proved to be very effective against infections due to H. influenzae K. pneumoniae, E. coli and S. aureus. No serious side effects were observed in any case.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on ceftizoxime in the field of pediatrics (author's transl)]. 627 16

Studies on T-1982 (cefbuperazone), a new cephamycin antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics, and the following results were obtained. 1. Peak MIC of T-1982 against S. pyogenes (group A) lately isolated was 0.39 micrograms/ml, and the drug was active even against highly resistant strains of macrolides, lincomycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. 2. Peak MICs of T-1982 were 0.78 microgram/ml against B. pertussis, 0.2 microgram/ml against E. coli and less than or equal to 0.05 microgram/ml against K. oxytoca, and the drug was also active against ampicillin-resistant bacteria. 3. Serum levels and urinary excretions of T-1982 were investigated in 6 cases. When given at a dose of 20-28 mg/kg by 1 hour intravenous drip infusion, serum concentrations of T-1982 attained the peak level of 63.5-75.9 micrograms/ml at the end of administration and sustained the level of 0.9-2.6 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, the serum half-life (T 1/2) ranging 70-82 minutes. Approximately 20-72% of the dose were excreted in the active form into urine within 6 hours. 4. Twenty-seven cases of acute pediatric infections were treated with T-1982 mainly by intravenous drip infusion, and satisfactory clinical results were obtained in all the cases of angina lacunaris, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, pertussis, sepsis caused by Serratia and acute urinary tract infections caused by ampicillin-resistant E. coli. The efficacy rate was 96.3%. In this study the drug was administered chiefly at a daily dose of 50-70 mg/kg 2-3 times a day for 2-12 days. 5. Gram-positive cocci (S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes) and Gram-negative rods (H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae P. vulgaris, B. pertussis, S. marcescens, E. coli) were eradicated by the treatment with T-1982. 6. No noticeable side effects were observed, except for temporary increase of eosinophil in 2 cases and slight elevation of GOT in 1 case.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies on T-1982 (cefbuperzone), a new cephamycin antibiotic, in the field of pediatrics]. 630 96

The effect of the endotoxin of a noncapsulated Haemophilus influenzae strain isolated from bronchitis was studied on the respiration of mice. Inhalation of the H. influenzae endotoxin resulted in heavy attacks of dyspnoea with non-specific histological changes in the lung. The endotoxin elicited no direct response in isolated organs, but produced cytotoxic changes in HEp-2 tissue cultures. The experiments led to the conclusion that the clinical signs and the histological changes may be explained by the direct damaging effect of endotoxin on the cells and by the released mediator substances.
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PMID:Respiratory effect of Haemophilus influenzae endotoxin in mice. 660 29

In an eight year period 16 cases of serious extrapulmonary Hemophilus influenzae infection in adults were identified, including cases of meningitis, pericarditis, epiglottitis, empyema, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, endometritis, urinary tract infection, orbital cellulitis, primary peritonitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis and aortic graft infection. An 18 month prospective study of H. influenzae infection in hospitalized adults identified 10 cases of bronchitis, 25 of pneumonia and 65 of respiratory tract colonization, but there were no extrapulmonary infections. In 29 percent of the respiratory tract infections, H. influenzae appeared to be a nosocomial pathogen; in 71 percent, the infection was mixed. Finally, 110 clinical isolates of H. influenzae were studied for antimicrobial susceptibility. Eight percent were ampicillin resistant, two strains were resistant to tetracycline and one to chloramphenicol, but all were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cefamandole.
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PMID:Hemophilus influenzae in hospitalized adults: current perspectives. 696 96

This study is concerned with the value of bacteriological sputum examination by lower respiratory tract infections. Prominence was given to quantitative aspects; colony forming units and markers of infection as leucocytes, albumin and erythrocytes were determined from homogenized specimens. It turned out that numbers exceeding 10(6) per ml of pathogenic bacteria correlated in more than 90% with clinical evidence of bronchitis or pneumonia if cases with antibiotic treatment are not taken into account. There is, in addition to that, more than 90% correlation between the number of colony forming units of these sizes and a leucocyte count of more than 20 per 125 magnification field, which is significant of infection. The markers of infection mentioned above, can be determined by a simple semi-quantitative test-stick method. It was possible to show good relation between the number of leucocytes counted by microscope and the "Cyturtest". Compared to the "routine method" especially pneumococcus and H. influenzae could be isolated much more frequently by applying the method of homogenizing sputum. The rough quantitative informations of the "routine method" did hardly coincide with the exactly determined bacterial numbers.
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PMID:[Bacteriological examination of bronchitis and pneumonia. Part II: quantitative analysis of homogenized sputum with respect to leucocytes, protein, erythrocytes and bacteria (author's transl)]. 702 6

Cefroxadine (CXD) was applied to infectious diseases in children and the following results were obtained. 1. Serum concentration and urinary excretion: CXD was given orally in dose of 10 mg/kg in dry syrup from 30 minutes after meals. The peak serum concentration was at 1 hour after administration in 3 cases and at 2 hours in 1 case, and the average peak serum concentration was 16.41 microgram/ml in these 4 cases. The average urinary excretion rate of the antibiotic during 6 hours after administration was 93.9% in another 4 cases. 2. Antibacterial activity: The MIC of CXD against E. coli was slightly superior to that of CEX, but against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Str. pyogenes, Str faecalis, Str. pneumoniae, Kleb. pneumoniae, Kleb. oxytoca, Pro. mirabilis, Pro, vulgaris, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, H. parahaemolyticus the MICs of CXD were almost equal to those of CEX. 3. Clinical study: Thirty seven patients with bacterial infections (7 cases of urinary tract infection, 2 of cystitis, 10 of tonsillitis, 9 of scarlet fever, 7 of bronchitis and 2 of bronchopneumonia) were orally treated with CXD dry syrup, 15 approximately 48 mg/kg/day divided into 3 doses. The overall efficacy rate was 91.7%, and side effects inclusive of abnormal laboratory findings were not observed.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefroxadine (author's transl)]. 733 89

Bacterial adhesion is probably a prerequisite for colonization of mucous membranes, but adhesion to the bronchial mucosa has not been studied in detail. We investigated adhesion of respiratory pathogens to bronchial epithelial cells, and asked whether chronic bronchitis had an influence on bacterial adhesion. Oropharyngeal and bronchial cells were collected during bronchoscopy from 14 healthy nonsmokers, 22 smokers with nonobstructive chronic bronchitis, and 19 smokers with chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patients with a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) less than 50% predicted were excluded. Adhesion of highly adherent test strains of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae to these cells were studied. The test strains of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae were found to adhere well to both oropharyngeal and bronchial cells. H. influenzae showed a higher degree of adhesion both to ciliated and goblet cells from the patients with nonobstructive bronchitis than to cells from the healthy nonsmokers. No corresponding difference was found for S. pneumoniae. The patients with COPD did not differ from the controls in their adhesion values. Our results indicate that bacterial adhesion is of importance for the colonization and retention of H. influenzae in the human airways. For S. pneumoniae the role of adhesion is more uncertain.
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PMID:Bacterial adhesion to oropharyngeal and bronchial epithelial cells in smokers with chronic bronchitis and in healthy nonsmokers. 782 81

Eighty-two episodes (77 cases) in which any pathogens were isolated from transtracheal aspiration (TTA) and which satisfied the new clinical criteria of acute bacterial bronchitis were clinically evaluated. Major pathogens isolated from TTA included H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and B. catarrhalis. Fever developed in 91.5% of the patients. Sputum volume averaged 16.3 +/- 14.9 ml per day. All the patients suffered from coughs, which were so severe as to disturb sleep in 8.5% of the patients. Inflammatory indices included WBC 9738.0 +/- 3158.5/microliter, CRP 10.1 +/- 7.9 mg/dl and ESR 69.0 +/- 38.8 mm/hr on average, PaO2 fell in most cases. Compared to the group of patients with acute bacterial bronchitis from which a single pathogen was isolated, the numbers of elderly patients and smokers were significantly more in the group of multiple pathogens isolated from TTA. Prior episodes related to the development of acute bacterial bronchitis were upper respiratory inflammation in 46.3% and undergoing bronchoscopy in 4.9% of the patients. Antibiotics therapy cured acute bacterial bronchitis in 96.3% of the patients. In spite of treatment, 3 patients developed pneumonia and died.
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PMID:[Clinical study of acute bacterial bronchitis]. 832 Apr 62

We performed a clinical study of 26 cases (27 episodes) of acute respiratory infection with H. influenzae by trans tracheal aspiration (TTA) from May 1987 to April 1995. 15 episodes (14 cases) were bronchitis and 12 episodes (12 cases) were pneumonia. 8 episodes were monomicrobial infection and 19 episodes were polymicrobial infection. Compared to the group of patients of monomicrobial infection, the number of elderly patients and the levels of WBC and CRP were higher in the group of patients of monomicroibal infection. In bronchitis cases, monomicrobial infections of H. influenzae were 7 episodes and polymicrobial infection containing H. influenzae were 8 episodes. In the latter group, PaO2 level was lower and CRP was higher on average. All patients recovered, but the period for treatment was longer in the latter group. In the pneumonia group, only one episode was monomicrobal infection and 11 episodes were polymicrobial infection. Inspite of treatment, one patient died. It was considered that polymicrobial infection was an important factor of acute respiratory infection with H. influenzae.
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PMID:[A clinical features of acute respiratory infection with Haemophilus influenzae by transtracheal aspiration]. 889 May 48


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