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 6,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Air pollution in all its forms, including sulfur dioxide, ozone, fine particles, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, has resulted in human deaths and diseases worldwide. This article reports on the human suffering caused by air pollution in terms of mortality and morbidity. Based on interviews with scientists, health experts and victims, it is noted that the cities of Thailand, Mexico, Japan, Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, and the US have the highest levels of air pollution. In these areas people suffer from respiratory illnesses such as pharyngitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, asthma, flu, and loss of lung function. A most alarming finding indicates that residents of Los Angeles exposed to ozone pollution have double the risk of cancer compared to residents of cleaner cities. Aggravating this situation is the fact that governments often opt to sacrifice human health and lives when forced to choose between protecting the public and shielding industry from pollution regulations.
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PMID:Poisons in the air. 1232 55

The author analyzes variations in general mortality and specific causes of death, as well as differences by age and sex, during 1918 and 1919 in Madrid, Spain. Mortality rates due to influenza, pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis are examined, and the impact of the influenza epidemic is assessed.
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PMID:[Repercussions of the influenza pandemic in 1918-1919 on mortality in Madrid]. 1234 15

Despite the important contribution of traffic sources to urban air quality, relatively few studies have evaluated the effects of traffic-related air pollution on health, such as its influence on the development of asthma and other childhood respiratory diseases. We examined the relationship between traffic-related air pollution and the development of asthmatic/allergic symptoms and respiratory infections in a birth cohort (n approximately 4,000) study in The Netherlands. A validated model was used to assign outdoor concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter less than 2.5 micro m in aerodynamic diameter, and "soot") at the home of each subject of the cohort. Questionnaire-derived data on wheezing, dry nighttime cough, ear, nose, and throat infections, skin rash, and physician-diagnosed asthma, bronchitis, influenza, and eczema at 2 years of age were analyzed in relation to air pollutants. Adjusted odds ratios for wheezing, physician-diagnosed asthma, ear/nose/throat infections, and flu/serious colds indicated positive associations with air pollutants, some of which reached borderline statistical significance. No associations were observed for the other health outcomes analyzed. Sensitivity analyses generally supported these results and suggested somewhat stronger associations with traffic, for asthma that was diagnosed before 1 year of age. These findings are subject to confirmation at older ages, when asthma can be more readily diagnosed.
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PMID:Air pollution from traffic and the development of respiratory infections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children. 1237 53

Influenza illness is an important cause of severe morbidity and mortality in the population. Oseltamivir, the first oral neuraminidase inhibitor, has proven efficacy. In children of 1 year and older (weight-dependent dosing: 30 mg, 45 mg, 60 mg or 75 mg BID for 5 days) and adults (75 mg BID for 5 days), oseltamivir reduces the duration and severity of acute influenza. Furthermore, it decreases the incidence of secondary complications such as otitis media, bronchitis, pneumonia and sinusitis. Oseltamivir has been shown to prevent influenza when given for long-term prophylaxis or for post-exposure prophylaxis. Because oseltamivir blocks the neuraminidase, an enzyme crucial to influenza virion liberation from the host cell, it is only effective during the replication phase. Clinical benefits are only seen, when oseltamivir is applied within 48 h after onset of symptoms, and clinical efficacy in acute influenza is highly dependent on the beginning of treatment. Treatment within 12 h after onset of symptoms reduces the duration of illness by an additional 74.6 h, and treatment within 24 hours an additional 53.9 h compared to the benefit seen with an intervention at 48 h. In conclusion, clinical efficacy of oseltamivir can be maximized by early start of treatment. Resistance of influenza virus against oseltamivir has rarely been observed and seems to be of no clinical relevance due to reduced transmissibility and pathogenicity of mutants. Oseltamivir is generally well tolerated. About 10% of the patients complain of transient upper gastrointestinal events, which resolved within 1-2 days, and which could be reduced when the medication was taken with a light snack.
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PMID:Early therapy with the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir maximizes its efficacy in influenza treatment. 1245 53

A total of 5-7 million cases of the disease, 4.5 million medical certificates, 25,000 admissions to hospital, 15,000 mortalities and direct and indirect costs amounting to several billions - that is the outcome of a "normal" influenza season (data provided by the Influenza Study Group, AGI, of Germany on the 1998/99 season). With zanamivir (Relenza), a selective inhibitor of the influenza-specific neuraminidase, a pharmaceutical product against influenza A and B is now available in Germany for the very first time. In clinical studies, zanamivir reduced not only the duration of the illness and the severity of symptoms, but also the rate of complications and the need for antibiotics. Under practice conditions, the efficacy and tolerability of the anti-influenza product were studied during the 1999/2000 influenza season. In a large observational study in over 1,900 patients, including many patients at risk of asthma and/or chronic obstructive bronchitis, zanamivir (Relenza) improved the symptoms quickly and reliably, and was tolerated very well. The diagnosis of influenza was established clinically to discriminate the disease from colds.
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PMID:Drug under test: influenza--Relenza in daily practice. Experience during the influenza season 1999/2000. 1245 55

The 2 groups of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) represented by the prototype strains HCoV 229E and HCoV OC43 are mostly known as viruses responsible for common cold syndrome. HCoVs are difficult to detect, and epidemiological data are rare. From October 2000 through April 2001, we tested 1803 respiratory samples for HCoV by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. From 8 February through 27 March 2001, HCoV OC43 was detected in samples obtained from 30 (6%) of 501 patients. The other viruses detected were respiratory syncytial virus (6.1%), parainfluenza virus 3 (1%), influenza virus A (7.8%), influenza virus B (7.2%), rhinovirus (6.4%), enterovirus (1%), and adenovirus (2%). Infection with HCoV OC43 was detected in patients of all age groups. The following clinical symptoms were noted: fever (in 59.8% of patients), general symptoms (in 30%), digestive problems (in 56.8%), rhinitis (in 36.6%), pharyngitis (in 30%), laryngitis (in 3.3%), otitis (in 13.3%), bronchitis (in 16.6%), bronchiolitis (in 10%), and pneumonia (in 6.6%). This study shows that an outbreak of HCoV OC43 respiratory infection was responsible for the lower respiratory tract symptoms observed in nearly one-third of patients identified by active surveillance for coronavirus infection.
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PMID:An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France. 1268 10

Many chronic illnesses that affect the working population can cause losses in productivity. The extent to which these productivity losses can be reduced by pharmacological treatment is of particular interest to employers, who bear the productivity costs and subsidize the cost of employees' health care. In the past several years, the effects of pharmaceuticals on productivity losses have been tested in numerous studies, including randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. In this article, we summarize and critically review these studies and, where appropriate, provide quantitative overviews. The evidence is very good for about a dozen drug classes that pharmaceuticals reduce productivity losses caused by respiratory illnesses (ie, asthma, allergic disorders, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections, and influenza) diabetes, depression, dysmenorrhea, and migraine. We also discuss the calculation of productivity costs, reductions in which may partially or completely offset the costs of treatment. This information should be helpful to occupational physicians who are increasingly providing recommendations on employer benefit plan designs and pharmaceutical benefits.
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PMID:Pharmaceuticals and worker productivity loss: a critical review of the literature. 1280 14

The more recent epidemics of influenza have been characterized by a high death-rate among people aged 55 and over, and a decreased mortality in the lower age-groups. The danger appears to lie largely in the pulmonary complications associated with this disease; the declining mortality among the lower age-groups may be a result of the chemotherapeutic agents now available.Two main varieties of complication of the lower respiratory tract are discussed-influenzal bronchitis and bronchiolitis, and influenzal pneumonia. The major part of the study is devoted to a description of influenzal pneumonia, its bacteriology, and methods for its diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis. The need for early treatment is particularly emphasized. The comparative value of various antibiotics is discussed, and courses of antibiotic and sulfonamide therapy, adjusted for conditions arising from different causative organisms, are suggested.
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PMID:Influenzal pneumonia: causation and treatment. 1309 3

Influenza C virus, J.J. strain, is readily propagated following intra-amniotic inoculation of embryonated eggs on the 14th day of incubation. The resulting infection is inapparent in that there is no obvious interference with normal embryonic development and no evidences of injury can be detected by the light microscope. Hemophilus influenzae, type b thrives luxuriantly in the amniotic fluid of embryonated eggs inoculated by the intra-amniotic route on the 15th day of incubation. The effects of the establishment of the bacterial infection in the embryo are noted by the occurrence of death, bacteriemia or characteristic inflammatory lesions in the form of purulent sinusitis, pharyngitis, tracheo-bronchitis and meningo-encephalitis. These lesions may occur singly or in various combinations. The incidence and severity of disease manifestations in infected embryos depends on the proportion of encapsulated and virulent bacilli in the inoculum, the number of infectious doses and the growth rate of the bacteria in the surrounding amniotic fluid. Combined viral and bacterial infection established by intra-amniotic inoculation with influenza C virus on the 14th followed by Hemophilus influenzae, type b on the 15th incubation day brings about a significant increase in the incidence and severity of disease manifestations in the embryos. Selective survival and marked acceleration of the growth rate of encapsulated and virulent elements of the bacterial population is promoted in the virus-infected embryos. The disease process appears to be entirely attributable to the bacterial component. There seems to be relatively little or no effect on influenza C virus by the accompanying proliferation of Hemophilus. The exact nature of the virus-induced influences which enhance the pathogenicity of the bacteria and favor the establishment of the infectious process under these circumstances remains to be determined.
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PMID:Experimental combined viral and bacterial infection (influenza C and hemophilus influenzae, type B) in embryonated eggs. 1337 14

An epidemic of avian influenza (AI) (H9N2) occurred in broiler chicken farms in Iran during 1998-01. Mortality between 20% and 60% was commonly observed on the affected farms. Mixed infections of the influenza virus with other respiratory pathogens, particularly infectious bronchitis virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum, were thought to be responsible for such high mortality, which resulted in great economic losses. Clinical signs included swelling of the periorbital tissues and sinuses, typical respiratory discharge, and severe respiratory distress. Gross lesions included extensive hyperemia of the respiratory system followed by exudation and cast formation in the tracheal biforcation extending into the secondary bronchi. Light microscopy lesions were characterized by severe necrotizing tracheatis. Serological examination using H9N2 AI viral antigen produced inconsistent results. Ultrastructural findings showed typical viral replication through budding processes on cell membranes of the tracheal epithelium.
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PMID:Avian influenza (H9N2) outbreak in Iran. 1457 72


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