Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0006277 (bronchitis)
 6,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Viral etiologic agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections were studied from November, 1990, through April, 1994, in Korean children. From 712 children who visited or were admitted to Seoul National University Children's Hospital because of acute lower respiratory tract infections, 804 nasal aspirates were collected; viral agents were detected by virus isolation and virus antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescent staining. One or more viral agents were identified in 369 (45.9%) cases; of which 3.3% were mixed infections. The pathogens identified were respiratory syncytial virus (27.2%), parainfluenza virus type 3 (7.8%), influenza A virus (3.9%), adenovirus (3.9%), parainfluenza virus type 1 (1.7%), influenza B virus (1.4%), parainfluenza virus type 2 (0.5%), measles virus (0.1%) and others (0.9%). The clinical patterns of viral lower respiratory tract included pneumonia (56.6%), bronchiolitis (35.2%), croup (6.5%) and tracheo-bronchitis (1.6%). Infections with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 and influenza A and B virus occurred in epidemics, whereas adenovirus was isolated sporadically throughout the study period. The data expand our understanding of the epidemiology of acute viral lower respiratory tract infections in Korean children and may be helpful to the clinicians and researchers interested in the control of viral respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:Viral etiology and epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Korean children. 874 17

A mouse model of influenza A/PR/8 virus infection was adopted to investigate the blood and various tissues of intranasally infected mice for the presence of viral RNA by using the nested polymerase chain reaction. The nucleoprotein gene was detected in the red blood cell fraction from 1 to 5 days post-inoculation, while it was found in the lung and brain up to 14 days and in the liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle up to 7 days. The virus-specific messenger RNA was transiently found in these organs. When mice received the uv-inactivated virus, viremia did not occur. The prior transfer of the hyperimmune serum prevented pneumonia but not bronchitis, and viremia was totally abolished. These results suggest: (1) viremia occurs during the acute phase of infection, (2) the virus is present in various organs and there the virus gene is transiently expressed, and (3) the virus enters the blood stream possibly through capillaries of the infected alveolar wall. Viremia may influence the pathogenesis of influenza.
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PMID:Viremia induced by influenza virus. 882 11

It has been widely supposed that human mortality from all causes increases with age nearly exponentially (at a constant rate) through adult ages except for very old ages, and that this exponential increase also holds fairly well for most major causes of death (CODs). However, the present analysis of death registration data for Japan, 1951-1990, reveals that the rate of age-related relative increase in mortality (the life table aging rate) changes with age significantly and systematically for many CODs. Above age 75, the mortality increase decelerates for most CODs; under age 75, it remains at a relatively stable pace for ischemic heart disease, decelerates for most major cancers, and accelerates for diseases related to a declining ability to maintain homeostasis (pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, gastroenteritis, and heart failure). These results seem to suggest that significantly different types of senescent processes may underlie atherogenesis, oncogenesis, and immunosenescence.
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PMID:Age patterns of the life table aging rate for major causes of death in Japan, 1951-1990. 900 60

The effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital admissions for pneumonia, influenza, bronchitis, or emphysema was assessed by a case-control study of people aged 16 years and older who were admitted to 10 Leicestershire hospitals between 1 December 1989 and 31 January 1990. Hospital and general practitioners' records for 156 admissions (the cases) and 289 controls matched for age and sex were reviewed. Information was collected on demography, the usual place of residence (institutional or non-institutional), the existence of chronic illness, and vaccination during the 5 years before admission. The odds ratio for hospital admission among vaccinees was 0.67 (95% CI 0.39-1.12) giving an estimate of vaccine effectiveness in this setting of 33% (95% CI 0-61). However, multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for the effects of institutional care and chronic illness, revealed that influenza vaccination reduced hospital admissions by 63% (95% CI 17-84%). There was a strong trend towards improved vaccine effectiveness when used in institutional settings. Influenza vaccine is effective in reducing hospital admissions for influenza, pneumonia, bronchitis and emphysema, and effectiveness is comparable to that observed for influenza and pneumonia admissions in North America.
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PMID:Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital admissions during the 1989-90 epidemic. 904 32

The effectiveness of influenza vaccination in reducing hospitalization of people with diabetes for influenza, pneumonia, or diabetic events during influenza epidemics was assessed in a case control study in Leicestershire, England. Cases were 80 patients on the Leicestershire Diabetes Register who were admitted and discharged from hospital with International Classification of Disease codes for pneumonia, bronchitis, influenza, diabetic ketoacidosis, coma and diabetes, without mention of complications, during the influenza epidemics of 1989-90 and 1993. One hundred and sixty-controls, who were not admitted to hospital during this period, were randomly selected from the Register. Immunization against influenza was assessed in 37 cases and 77 controls for whom consent was obtained to access their clinical notes and for whom notes were available. Significant association was detected between reduction in hospitalization and influenza vaccination during the period immediately preceding an epidemic. Multiple logistic regression analysis estimated that influenza vaccination reduced hospital admissions by 79% (95% CI 19-95%) during the two epidemics, after adjustment for potential confounders.
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PMID:Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital admissions in people with diabetes. 944 Apr 37

We conducted this study to address concerns regarding a perceived increase in bronchitis, skin rashes, and diarrhea and long term health effects in workers at two Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) processing plants. We abstracted medical records to assess symptom occurrence, and to identify spirometry and lab abnormalities. Overall FEV1 and FVC showed no decrease over time for workers with more than five years of exposure. The primary self reported symptoms were low back pain and headaches followed by skin rashes, colds, 'flu', hay fever and ear problems. Conclusions from this analysis are limited by lack of standardized protocols or a control group. However, results from this analysis pointed out potential occupational health problems among RDF workers for future epidemiological and environmental studies.
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PMID:Health impairments among refuse derived fuel workers. 950 32

Studies of 1986-1995 revealed diseases etiologically connected with California serogroup viruses (Bunyaviridae, Bunyavirus) all over the country. Highly endemic zones are the tundra, taiga, and leafy forest. The disease occurs mainly in summer, the patients are mostly young: under 30 years of age. Analysis of 183 cases confirmed by laboratory findings enabled us to distinguish the following forms: influenza-like (70.9%) with the predominant involvement of the bronchopulmonary system (bronchitis and pneumonia) and neuroinfection (20.2%) (serous meningitis and meningoencephalitis).
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PMID:[Diseases associated with viruses of the California encephalitis serogroup, in Russia]. 955 29

Respiratory infectious diseases such as bacterial pneumonia and bronchitis are common and costly, especially in institutionalized and elderly inpatients. Respiratory infection is thought to rely in part on the aspiration of oropharyngeal flora into the lower respiratory tract and failure of host defense mechanisms to eliminate the contaminating bacteria, which then multiply to cause infection. It has been suggested that dental plaque may act as a reservoir of respiratory pathogens, especially in patients with periodontal disease. However, the impact of poor oral health on oral respiratory pathogen colonization and lung infection is uncertain, especially in ambulatory, non-institutionalized populations. To begin to assess potential associations between respiratory diseases and oral health, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I) were analyzed. This database contains information on the general health status of 23,808 individual Of these, 386 individuals reported a suspected respiratory condition that was further assessed by a physician. These subjects were categorized as having a confirmed chronic respiratory disease (chronic bronchitis or emphysema) or an acute respiratory disease (influenza, pneumonia, acute bronchitis). They were compared to those not having a respiratory disease. Initial non-parametric analysis noted that individuals with a confirmed chronic respiratory disease (n = 41) had significantly greater oral hygiene index scores than subjects without respiratory disease (n = 193; P = 0.0441). Logistic regression analysis of data from these subjects, which considered age, race, gender, smoking status, and simplified oral hygiene index (OHI), suggested that subjects having the median OHI value were 1.3 times more likely to have a chronic respiratory disease relative to those with and OHI of O. Similarly, subjects with the maximum OHI value were 4.5 times more likely to have a chronic respiratory disease than those with an OHI of O. No evidence was found to support an association between the periodontal index and any respiratory disease. These results suggest OHI to have a residual effect on chronic respiratory disease of both practical and statistical significance.
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PMID:Associations between oral conditions and respiratory disease in a national sample survey population. 972 8

The immunologic effects of in utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were evaluated in the Yucheng children in this study. The study subjects consisted of 105 Yucheng children and 101 control children. The Yucheng children were born, between July 1978 and June 1987, to women who had exposed to high dose of PCBs/PCDFs through consumption of contaminated rice bran oil in 1978-1979. These children had been reported to have higher frequencies of bronchitis than their controls in the first six months of life, and higher frequencies of respiratory tract and ear infection in a 6-year follow-up. The low resistance of the Yucheng children to infection suggested that their immune function was suppressed by the PCBs/PCDFs they had exposed to in utero. In the summer and fall of 1995, a thorough physical examination and blood draw were performed on the study children. The Yucheng children were reported by their parents to have higher frequencies of influenza attacks than the control children during the six months prior to the examination. The frequencies of other symptoms were similar between the two groups. The serum levels of various immunoglobulins were similar between the two groups. Fifty-one serum samples, 29 of Yucheng and 22 of control children, were available for cell-mediated immunologic analysis. The percentages of various T cell markers, CD3, CD4, and CD8, and B cell and NK cell markers were not different between the Yucheng and the control children. No dose-response relationship was found between 27 Yucheng children's serum PCB/PCDF levels and any of their immunologic markers. WE concluded that 16 years after the Yucheng incident, Yucheng children exposed to high dose of PCBs/PCDFs in utero did not show, with the serum immunologic marker analyses, suppressed immunity when compared to their controls. To explain the consistent higher frequencies of upper respiratory tract infection in the Yucheng children, immune functional tests such as delayed hypersensitive skin reaction, in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, and antibody synthesis following immunization may be necessary.
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PMID:The immunologic evaluation of the Yucheng children. 982 14

Framing studies dealing with health messages show mixed results, although a tendency in favor of negative framing. Involvement has been hypothesized to account for these conflicting results. The authors selected a realistic issue (immunization of infants) deemed high or low involving depending on the respondent's circumstances: women with an infant or who were pregnant or intending to get pregnant in the next 12 months were deemed to be high involved; women in none of these categories were deemed to be low involved. A convenience sample of adult women was presented with a hypothetical "new" immunization that protected infants against respiratory complaints such as bronchitis and pneumonia Side effects (the common flu) were framed positively (90% chance of no side effects) or negatively (10% chance of side effects). The authors found positive framing to be superior for low-involved respondents, but there was no framing effect for high-involved respondents.
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PMID:Positive versus negative framing of a hypothetical infant immunization: the influence of involvement. 1070 94


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