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Query: UMLS:C0006277 (bronchitis)
 6,338 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acute respiratory infections of viral or bacterial origin represent 1 of the 3 main causes of morbidity and mortality in children of developing countries, where they typically are responsible for 15-20% of deaths in children under 5. Mortality rates are higher in children under 1 year and decline with age. Fewer than 2% of children with pneumonia in developed countries die, vs. an estimated 10-20% in developing countries. Operational studies indicate that children dying of acute respiratory infections are those who do not receive health services or receive them too late, and those whose moderate infections are inadequately treated. Determining factors include inaccessibility of health services, socioeconomic problems, cultural factors limiting the frequency and acceptance of formal health services, and inadequate management of acute respiratory infections by the general health services. Immunizations, better case management and health education are 3 interventions for control of respirator infections that offer immediate potential benefits for primary health care in developing countries. Vaccinations against whooping cough, measles, and diphtheria are part of the Expanded Program of Immunization. Anti-pneumococcal vaccines and flu shots are not appropriate for use in children in developing countries. Health personnel should be trained to use antibiotics more rationally and efficiently and to make referrals to higher levels of care when needed. Oxygen treatment should be available in secondary and tertiary care centers. Health personnel should be trained to administer simple treatments for other possible complications of respiratory infections. Such measures have been applied sporadically in developing countries and data on their efficacy remain sparse. But mortality rates declined greatly in 1 rural community of India after introduction of the measures, and more proofs of their efficacy will become available as programs develop. It will be necessary to train health agents in differentiation of cases according to gravity, to recommend and apply treatment, to administer antimicrobial drugs, and to refer cases to hospitals. The main decision of the health agent concerns the gravity of the case and not the diagnosis of pneumonia or bronchitis. A classification based on the few most important signs and symptoms will facilitate the 2 principal decisions about treatment; whether to administer antimicrobial and whether to treat at home or refer to a higher level of care. A 3-part classification of acute respiratory infections if suggested for all outpatient care and community health agents: serious cases requiring hospitalization 2) moderate cases requiring antimicrobial but not hospitalization and 3) mild cases not requiring antimicrobial.
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PMID:[Magnitude and control of acute respiratory infections in children]. 318 34

The etiological appearance of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis was investigated in 117 patients. A combined study was aimed at the detection of viral, mycoplasmal, fungal and bacterial endobronchial infections. The etiological role of the latter was verified by a pathogen isolated from the sputum. Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis was determined by bacterial (79%) and/or viral (55%) infections, mostly by pneumococcal infection (45%), H. influenzae (30%), and influenza (31%). The role of pyogenic cocci was minimal (2%). Exacerbation of chronic purulent endobronchitis was more frequently caused by H. influenzae than in catarrhal bronchitis. In 9% of the patients the infectious etiology of an inflammatory bronchial process could not be established.
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PMID:[Etiologic structure of exacerbations in chronic bronchitis]. 323 89

Coal miners working underground may be exposed chronically to low levels of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide from diesel engine emissions and from the use of explosives for blasting. The aims of this study were to establish whether long-term exposures to low concentrations of these gases at nine British coal mines had been associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory infections and, if so, to estimate the relative risks for different levels of exposure. The nine mines concerned had been involved, since 1954, in a prospective epidemiological study of coal miners' health. Median levels of nitrogen oxides in 4,933 pairs of full-shift samples, taken at the mines during the years 1976 through 1982 were 0.2 ppm nitric oxide and 0.03 ppm nitrogen dioxide; 10 percent of the concentrations exceeded 1.1 ppm nitric oxide and 0.08 ppm nitrogen dioxide. Multiple regression estimates of concentrations associated with different underground locations, types of work, and mining conditions at each mine were combined with detailed records of miners' attendance at work at similar locations in earlier years. These retrospective estimates of individuals' underground exposures to nitrogen oxides referred to between five- and 16-year periods of exposure. Also available for study were records of the men's exposures to respirable mine dusts and information from five-yearly medical surveys about their smoking habits, respiratory symptoms, and questionnaire-elicited reports of sickness absences attributed, among other things, to respiratory infections. The reliability of the latter reports was examined in a sample of 471 of the men by comparing the answers to the questionnaire with physicians' diagnoses on certified sickness absence records. Miners' references to bronchitis, influenza, or colds as the cause of prolonged sickness absence during the three years preceding the surveys did, in general, reflect real spells of absence from work, lasting at least seven days, that had been diagnosed by doctors as due to respiratory infections. But only about 20 percent of the men whose colliery records indicated that there had been such an absence acknowledged them in the survey as due to a "chest illness". Most of the under-reporting was of absence certified as due to influenza, colds, or "upper respiratory tract infection", and this under-reporting was not related to the men's ages or smoking habits. The main analyses referred to 5,408 reports of colds, influenza, or bronchitis at a total of 40,071 interviews involving nearly 20,000 miners.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Respiratory infections in coal miners exposed to nitrogen oxides. 326 57

Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for IgG and IgM antibodies against influenza A and B virus are described. One hundred and seven subjects with a clinical diagnosis of acute respiratory infection (influenza, bronchitis or pneumonia) were selected for this study during two epidemics of influenza A which occurred in Finland in 1983 and 1985. Paired sera and nasopharyngeal secretions were obtained from all subjects. The sera were tested for influenza A and B antibodies by IgG and IgM EIAs and by complement fixation tests. The nasopharyngeal secretions were tested by an indirect EIA for influenza A and B antigens. The IgG EIA was found to be better than complement fixation for the diagnosis of influenza A infections: only 22% of the significant increases detected by this test were also positive by complement fixation. The additional contribution of the IgM EIA to the number of positives was minimal. It was also found that testing a single 1/1000 dilution of serum for influenza A and 1/100 dilution for influenza B in the IgG EIA gave as many positives as the conventional method of testing several dilutions.
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PMID:Influenza A and B virus IgG and IgM serology by enzyme immunoassays. 330 80

Plasma concentrations of theophylline, and urinary recovery of theophylline and its metabolites [1, 3-dimethyluric acid, 3-methyl xanthine and 1-methyluric acid] were measured before and after highly purified subunit influenza vaccination in seven healthy subjects, and five subjects with chronic obstructive bronchitis. No cases of theophylline toxicity were seen, and there was no increase in mean plasma theophylline concentration or significant decrease in urinary metabolite concentration after vaccination. An antibody response to vaccination was demonstrated in all subjects. Highly purified subunit influenza vaccination may be given with safety to patients on theophylline.
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PMID:Lack of effect of highly purified subunit influenza vaccination on theophylline metabolism. 402 35

Influenza-like illness, cold and sore throat was the diagnosis given in over 80% of 5177 acute respiratory illnesses in patients swabbed over a 10-year-period. A pathogenic organism was isolated twice as frequently from patients with a sore throat or an influenza-like illness as from those diagnosed as suffering from croup or laryngitis and bronchitis. A laboratory diagnosis was commoner in school children than in older or younger persons.Most of the organisms isolated were found in association with all types of acute respiratory illness but, with increasing age of the patient, one particular agent or group of agents was more likely to be of aetiological significance.
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PMID:Viruses associated with acute respiratory infections 1961-71. 436 25

A complex differentiated system of influenza control, based on scientific principles, was introduced into practice during 1976-1980 in Severodvinsk. The main component of this system was the mass prophylactic immunization of the population of the city, including children and elderly persons, with live and inactivated vaccines manufactured in the USSR. At the period of influenza epidemics remantadin was used for the urgent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. As a result, influenza morbidity in Severodvinsk was reduced 1.5-2 times in comparison with that in the neighboring control cities. The cases of pneumonia and bronchitis, the most severe postinfluenza complications, decreased in number 1.8 and 1.4 times, respectively. The proportion of influenza A in the structure of acute respiratory diseases decreased by one-half. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the prophylactic and therapeutic measures carried out in the city.
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PMID:[Results of introducing a comprehensive system of influenza control in the population of Severodvinsk]. 622 81

Experiments were performed for analysing the responses of the host to influenza respiratory tract infections. NMRI and Balb/c mice were infected with various doses of mouse adapted influenza virus (A/PR8/34) by aerosol. Clinical symptoms, rate of survival, total cell yield and total protein content in the lung lavage fluid as well as the course of virus titres showed typical changes depending on time and infection dose. Histologically, after moderate infection doses mice developed mononuclear infiltrations as bronchitis and peribronchitis whereas oedema and severe pneumonitis occurred in highly infected animals. The mouse model seems to be a useful basis for analysing the effects of immunization procedure against influenza.
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PMID:[Experimental animal model of airborne influenza infection]. 676 81

Hoarseness is a symptom that is constantly encountered by doctors in primary care. It is the leading symptom in acute laryngitis and is often present as one of the symptoms in, for example, respiratory tract infections, influenza, and bronchitis. For the general practitioner, the infection factor as the cause of hoarseness is so dominant that other possible causes may fail to be taken into consideration. The general practitioner's possibilities for diagnosing the cause of this symptom are largely determined by habit, and by his ability to observe and assess the vocal chords. Examination of the vocal chords is often technically difficult, and patients in whom inspection presents difficulties should be remitted to an ear specialist. Hoarse smokers constitute a special group at risk, and these patients should be remitted for further examinations, if the general practitioner finds it hard to make a complete inspection of the chords. The article also describes an investigation on how hoarseness is handled at a health centre.
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PMID:[Hoarseness from the viewpoint of primary care]. 682 67

H. W. Maunsell was born in Dublin in 1847 and obtained his degree from the College of Surgeons in 1867. He went to Melbourne the following year and became resident medical officer at the Melbourne Hospital. Following this appointment he took a similar post in Hokitika, New Zealand. After a short period of private practice he returned to Europe, receiving his M.D. degree at his old University in 1876. He returned to New Zealand, settling at Dunedin, and ultimately held the post of honorary surgeon to that hospital. In 1892 he reemigrated to the South Kensington section of London, devoting his efforts to writing, lecturing and illustrating. He was quite well known as a very fine artist and supplemented his surgical lectures with his own beautifully illustrated drawings. He was an innovative surgeon and is credited with original concepts in the technique of intra-abdominal hysterectomy. He was elected to the fellowship of the British Gynecological Society in 1889, and was appointed a Councillor in 1893. The article which is reproduced in this Classics section represents one of the earliest descriptions of the abdomino-anal pull-through procedure for carcinoma of the rectum. It was said that "the Maunsell Method will be at least more frequently employed, if it does not eventually displace the other procedure, i.e., Murphy's operation for intestinal anastomosis." Maunsell died on February 21, 1985, from bronchitis following influenza, at the age of 48.
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PMID:Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery. A new method of excising the two upper portions of the rectum and the lower segment of the sigmoid flexure of the colon -- by H. Widenham Maunsell. 703 64


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