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Query: UMLS:C0006271 (bronchiolitis)
 5,174 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Each year influenza viruses are responsible for epidemic respiratory diseases with excess morbidity and mortality. The severity of influenza diseases ranges from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe lower respiratory tract infections involving pneumonia, bronchiolitis and coincidental bacterial super-infections. The immune response to influenza viruses can be schematically divided into a cascade of non-specific and specific functions. These functions are involved at different well defined time points after infection. We describe in this manuscript three influenza models utilized in our laboratory: (i) a highly virulent influenza virus (influenza A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) virus) adapted to B6C3F1 mice, (ii) a mouse-adapted influenza A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) virus, and (iii) a rat-adapted influenza virus (RAIV) model (influenza A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2)). This rat-adapted influenza model has been mainly utilized as a model to assess local immunotoxic effects of inhaled environmental pollutants such as phosgene. These host resistance models are also useful for assessing the effect of systemically-induced immunosuppression or immunomodulation by drugs or chemicals on the local pulmonary immune response to influenza virus. The comparison of these different models allowed two major conclusions: (a) viral replication and mortality are two different endpoints and are not necessarily linked (no mortality was observed with Port Chalmers virus in the mouse although the virus replicates to high titers in the lung with a kinetic pattern comparable to the one obtained with Hong Kong virus), (b) mortality, viral replication, and immune function assessment are different endpoints that can be used, depending on the question addressed.
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PMID:Influenza virus host resistance models in mice and rats: utilization for immune function assessment and immunotoxicology. 805 41

Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) was assayed in nasopharyngeal secretion (NPS) and serum from 42 infants, hospitalized with acute lower respiratory infection, in El Salvador and the results analyzed in relation to etiology of the infection. ECP concentrations were high in NPS, at an average 50 times higher than those found in serum. Exceedingly high levels of ECP (> 1000 micrograms/L) were found more frequently in wheezing than in non-wheezing children (30% vs 7%) and, accordingly, were more commonly found in children hospitalized with bronchiolitis than in those with pneumonia. Excessive levels were significantly more common in girls than in boys. Of the 42 cases, 28 were found to be caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) subgroup A, and 3 by RSV-B, by means of detection of RSV antigen in nasopharyngeal cells. ECP serum levels were moderately elevated during the acute phase of the respiratory infection and increased slightly but significantly, in cases with RSV antigen-positive bronchiolitis, but not in those with pneumonia. The ECP levels in NPS from patients in Sweden who, by antigen detection in NPS cells, were diagnosed as either RSV or para-influenza 3 infection or none of these, were similar. These results indicate that elevation of ECP in NPS is associated with acute lower respiratory infection in general, but particularly pronounced in cases of bronchiolitis. Elevation of ECP is not an exclusive consequence of RSV infection, but may occur to an equal extent in infections caused by other agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Eosinophil cationic protein in nasopharyngeal secretions and serum of infants infected with respiratory syncytial virus. 808 88

Most histopathologic descriptions of influenza pneumonia are based on autopsy findings in fatal cases during epidemics and pandemics of influenza. We describe the histologic findings of influenza pneumonia observed in biopsy material derived from six sporadic cases of influenza (influenza A, four cases; influenza B, one case; and influenza A and B, one case). Four patients recovered completely, one patient died, and one was lost to follow-up. In addition to confirming previously published pathologic descriptions of influenza pneumonia, we also document a spectrum of less severe histologic findings with mild acute lung injury and bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia.
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PMID:Pathologic features of lung biopsy specimens from influenza pneumonia cases. 831 60

Under an influenza surveillance initiated in Pune, India, 2 or 3 dispensaries and small hospitals where patients with acute respiratory disease (ARD) sought medical assistance were chosen for regular weekly visits to collect a sufficient number of specimens. A case of ARD included individuals with the following conditions: common cold, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or bronchopneumonia. During the period of surveillance of 1978-90, more than 10,000 cases of ARD among various age groups were investigated. The majority of cases were in children and infants. Most of the patients were seen during investigations of 16 outbreaks of influenza. Generally, the cases presented with 2 or 3 symptoms of respiratory disease and 1 or 2 systemic manifestations. Throat and nasal swabs were collected from ARD cases during the acute phase of their illness (1-4 days). Throat/nasal swabs were taken from over 10,000 ARD cases. About 80% of these specimens were cultivated for influenza virus in embryonated chicken eggs (9-11 days' old) and about 39% in Madin-Darby canine kidney cell culture (MDCK) with crystalline trypsin. Several variants of influenza virus types A and B were isolated during the 16 outbreaks including these variant strains: A/USSR/77 (H1N1) in 1978; A/Singapore/6/86 (H1N1) in 1986; and B/Yamagata/16/88-like in 1990. A total of 290 influenza virus isolates comprising several variants of influenza type A (H3N2) and A (H1N1) and type B were isolated. The variant strains of influenza type A (H1N1), type A (H3N2), and type B circulated regularly either every year or in alternate years. 181 of 290 of the influenza isolates were from children aged 10 years. Analysis of the isolates showed that 174 were from the rainy months of July, August, and September, and the maximum number of 93 occurred in July. Of the 16 outbreaks of influenza, 10 occurred in the rainy season, 3 in the hot season, 1 in the cool season, and 2 in February and March.
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PMID:Influenza surveillance in Pune, India, 1978-90. 849 Sep 80

In a prospective study of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI), at the University College Hospital, UCH, Ibadan, 35 viral pathogens were identified by immunofluorescence (IF) techniques from 24 (68.6%) respiratory specimens from 35 hospitalised pre-school children. The respiratory diagnoses comprised croup, bronchiolitis, pneumonia and pleural effusion. The viral identifications comprised 14 (40.0%) of parainfluenza virus type 3, 10 (28.6%) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 5 (14.3%) of influenza virus type A, 4 (11.4%) of parainfluenza virus type 1 and 2 (5.7%) of influenza virus type B. Two or more viral agents were identified in as many as 10 (41.7%) of the 24 IF positive secretions, 8 (80.0%) of which were obtained from children with features of protein energy malnutrition. Twenty subjects had both virological and bacteriological analyses, in 8 (40.0%) of whom co-existing bacteraemia was identified. Four (50.0%) of these blood culture positive subjects, also had features of overt malnutrition. Neither the age nor the sex was significantly related to the viral identifications (P > 0.81 & 0.35 respectively). Similarly, the final respiratory diagnoses were not significantly related to the viral identifications despite the seemingly suggestive relationship between a diagnosis of croup and parainfluenza identifications as well as that between pneumonia and RSV/parainfluenza type 3 identifications. It is concluded that the high proportion of positive viral identifications is a pointer to the importance of viruses as possible primary etiological agents of ALRI in countries of the West African sub-region and perhaps in developing countries of other tropical subregions. The multiplicity of microbial identifications (viruses and bacteria), seen in malnourished children, may explain the clinical severity of ALRI in the same group of children. The usefulness of IF as a rapid diagnostic tool, as well as the potential implications of our findings on ARI control in developing countries, are discussed.
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PMID:Viral pathogens of acute lower respiratory infections in pre-school Nigerian children and clinical implications of multiple microbial identifications. 851 76

This report summarises the information obtained by surveillance of influenza in England and Wales from October 1994 to June 1995 (weeks 40/94 to 25/95). Influenza B viruses were responsible for most infections, with moderate activity occurring throughout the winter, peaking in February. Influenza A became more active towards the end of the winter, and laboratory reports reached a peak in May (week 21/95). Influenza activity was seen first in Wales, then England, followed by Scotland. An increase in 'total respiratory disease' was reported in December 1994 by the Birmingham Research Unit of the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) in England and Wales. This was probably due largely to an increase in reports of acute bronchitis, and was concurrent with the annual increase in respiratory syncytial virus infection which is often associated with bronchiolitis. Circulating influenza viruses were antigenically similar to components of the vaccine chosen for 1994/95. This report summarises the recommendations for the 1995/96 influenza vaccine.
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PMID:Influenza surveillance in England and Wales: October 1994 to June 1995. 855 5

Viral etiologic agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections were studied from November, 1990, through April, 1994, in Korean children. From 712 children who visited or were admitted to Seoul National University Children's Hospital because of acute lower respiratory tract infections, 804 nasal aspirates were collected; viral agents were detected by virus isolation and virus antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescent staining. One or more viral agents were identified in 369 (45.9%) cases; of which 3.3% were mixed infections. The pathogens identified were respiratory syncytial virus (27.2%), parainfluenza virus type 3 (7.8%), influenza A virus (3.9%), adenovirus (3.9%), parainfluenza virus type 1 (1.7%), influenza B virus (1.4%), parainfluenza virus type 2 (0.5%), measles virus (0.1%) and others (0.9%). The clinical patterns of viral lower respiratory tract included pneumonia (56.6%), bronchiolitis (35.2%), croup (6.5%) and tracheo-bronchitis (1.6%). Infections with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 and influenza A and B virus occurred in epidemics, whereas adenovirus was isolated sporadically throughout the study period. The data expand our understanding of the epidemiology of acute viral lower respiratory tract infections in Korean children and may be helpful to the clinicians and researchers interested in the control of viral respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:Viral etiology and epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Korean children. 874 17

Viral lower respiratory tract infections continue to cause a great deal of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide, despite advances in treatment options, chemoprophylaxis, and vaccine development. The availability of ribavirin has improved the outlook in high-risk patients who develop respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis while intensive efforts are continued to develop an efficacious and safe vaccine. Respiratory syncytial virus immunoglobulin may prove to be a useful tool in the armamentarium of the pediatrician to prevent or modify respiratory syncytial virus disease in individual patients. Influenza vaccination and chemoprophylaxis remain mainstays in the prevention of influenza disease in high-risk individuals. The availability of a vaccine for varicella and a wider dissemination of measles vaccine, particularly in developing nations, may well limit the adverse outcomes associated with pneumonias caused by these two viruses. The transplant patient and other immunocompromised patients will continue to challenge clinicians and scientists to provide innovative and effective therapies for viral infections. The exciting advances in clinical and research virology over the last decade offer much hope to practicing pediatricians who struggle with offering prevention strategies and treatment options for their patients. Viral lower respiratory tract infections will never be eliminated as a clinical problem, although the morbidity and mortality associated with them will continue to improve.
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PMID:Common (but not always considered) viral infections of the lower respiratory tract. 890 69

Nasal swab from patients with acute flu-like illness were evaluated for the presence of respiratory viruses in the Rhone-Alpes region of France from 1 October 1994 through 2 May 1995. The relative frequencies and seasonal distributions of the specific viruses were assessed. In addition, virus type was correlated with specific clinical signs and symptoms. During the study, 962 samples were collected by 75 medical practitioners participating in the Groupe Regional d'Observation de la Grippe surveillance network. One or more viruses were detected from 348 samples (36.1%), including 108 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 64 influenza virus A type H3N2, 47 influenza virus B, 64 coronavirus, 35 rhinovirus, 22 adenovirus, 5 enterovirus, and 3 parainfluenza-fluenza strains. There were 16 mixed infections. RSV infections peaked in the early winter, and influenza viruses A and B infections peaked during the late winter and early spring. There were two peaks of coronavirus infections (late fall and late winter). Other viruses were detected at lower levels throughout the study period. Patients from whom adenovirus was isolated were significantly more likely to have a fever of > 39.5 degrees C than were patients with other detectable viruses (P < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between influenza and cough (P < 0.01) and RSV and bronchiolitis (P < .001). Thus, the current study defined the overall and relative frequencies of respiratory virus detection from nasal swab specimens in patients with an acute flu-like illness in the Rhone-Alpes region of France during a 7-month period. Correlation with clinical signs and symptoms and provisional conclusions regarding seasonality were also determined.
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PMID:Surveillance of community-acquired viral infections due to respiratory viruses in Rhone-Alpes (France) during winter 1994 to 1995. 894 Apr 39

This report summarises information collected for the surveillance of influenza virus infection in England and Wales from October 1995 to June 1996 (weeks 40/95 to 25/96). Total respiratory disease' activity, as reported by the Birmingham Research Unit of the Royal College of General Practitioners, rose to peaks in weeks 48/95, 51/95, and 01/96. The first peak coincided with a peak in "influenza and flu-like illness'. The subsequent peaks were accounted for by an increase in reports of acute bronchitis, including bronchiolitis, and may have been associated with the annual rise in infections with respiratory syncytial virus. Influenza A virus was responsible for most infections, with moderate activity occurring in the early part of the winter, peaking in December (week 48/95). Influenza A subtype H3N2 predominated until week 07/96, after which subtype H1N1 accounted for most infections. Influenza activity was first seen in central and northern England, followed by the south of England, Wales, and Scotland. Circulating influenza viruses were antigenically similar to the components of the 1995/96 vaccine. International surveillance during 1995/96 has led to a different H3N2 component being included in the influenza vaccine recommended for 1996/97.
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PMID:Influenza surveillance in England and Wales: October 1995 to June 1996. 897 79


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