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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This article reviews the evidence that neuroleptics may increase the risk of breast cancer via their effects on prolactin secretion. All available neuroleptics, including reserpine, raise serum prolactin levels. Elevated serum prolactin level increases the incidence of spontaneously occurring mammary tumors in mice, and increases the growth of established carcinogen-induced mammary tumors in rats. Caution is necessary in extrapolating this relationship to human mammary tumors because human and rodent tumors differ in some important characteristics, including hormone responsiveness. Serum prolactin levels in women with, or at risk for, breast cancer have generally been normal, and only a minority of human mammary tumors respond to changes in serum prolactin levels. Epidemiologic studies have failed to demonstrate an increased risk of breast cancer associated with the use of neuroleptics or reserpine. Thus, although some human mammary tumors are prolactin dependent, the available evidence does not demonstrate an increased risk of breast cancer in women receiving neuroleptics. We conclude that (1) additional epidemiologic studies of the incidence of mammary tumors in women treated with neuroleptics are desirable; (2) it is premature to mandate warning patients of an unknown and undemonstrated increase in the risk of developing breast cancer associated with neuroleptic treatment; (3) detection of existing mammary tumors by breast examination prior to administration of neuroleptics is desirable; and (4) development of antipsychotic drugs that do not increase serum prolactin level may be indicated.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Nov
PMID:Neuroleptic-induced prolactin level elevation and breast cancer: an emerging clinical issue. 3 Apr 26

The reverse transcriptase of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) has been isolated and partially purified by ion exchange chromatography. Sera from rabbits immunized with the partially purified enzyme have been shown by microimmunodiffusion analysis to be immunologically specific for the M-PMV polymerase. The immune serum also specifically inhibits M-PMV polymerase activity and this inhibitory activity has been shown to reside in the IgG fraction of the serum. The application of these reagents to examining virus identity and investigating the possible viral aetiology of human breast cancer is discussed.
J Gen Virol 1977 Aug
PMID:Production of antiserum to the reverse transcriptase of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. 7 May 6

Computerized records of a large university hospital were searched to identify all women from 1967 to 1976 whose conditions had been diagnosed as breast cancer or primary cancer of another site. The records for those women with diagnoses of cancer were then examined to identify any prior psychiatric diagnoses. The rationale was that most patients treated in this hospital setting for psychiatric disorders received neuroleptic drugs, and patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia are almost certain to be treated with major neuroleptic drugs over a prolonged period of time. No substantial difference in the relative frequency of prior psychiatric treatment was observed between breast cancer and other cancer groups.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978 Jul
PMID:Prior psychiatric treatment and the development of breast cancer. 67 41

A retrospective study is reported of 180 women with breast symptoms consulting at a group practice during a 27-month period. The management policies of the general practitioners are discussed in the light of the observed short-term outcomes and of proposals to introduce screening clinics for breast cancer.
J R Coll Gen Pract 1977 Jun
PMID:The incidence and management of female breast disease in a general practice. 89 35

The time between a person presenting to a general practitioner with a symptom of cancer and that person starting treatment has been studied in Devon. Retrospective analysis was undertaken of the general practitioner records of 1465 patients proven to have cancer who were registered with 245 general practitioners. During inspection of these records dates of first presentation, of referral, of first hospital consultation and of the start of treatment were noted for people with six common types of cancer (cancer of the breast, large bowel, lung, oesophagus, prostate and stomach). The general practitioner stage time and hospital stage time (pre-appointment and post-appointment) were calculated for each patient. Large differences were found in median times for the general practitioner stage according to the type of cancer, ranging from a median value of 0 days for people with breast cancer to 84 days for people with cancer of the oesophagus. For patients with cancer of the breast, large bowel, lung or prostate, median general practitioner times were shorter than median hospital stage times, while for patients with cancer of the oesophagus and stomach cancer, median general practitioner stage times were longer than median hospital stage times. Comparison of the hospital stage times for people with breast cancer and cancer of the large bowel showed notable differences between the four health districts in Devon, pre- and post-appointment times being twice as long in one district as in another. This retrospective record analysis was acceptable to participating practitioners. The results provide a basis for general practitioners and hospital staff to review their own work.
Br J Gen Pract 1992 Oct
PMID:Time between presentation and treatment of six common cancers: a study in Devon. 146 20

The relatively restricted use of hormone replacement therapy in the United Kingdom has frequently been noted. It is possible that low prescribing rates may, in part, be due to the difficulty in interpreting the wealth of research evidence relating to the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy. Conflicting conclusions from research can cause considerable uncertainty and confusion. This paper reviews the evidence relating to hormone replacement therapy and the risks of breast cancer, endometrial cancer and cardiovascular disease and discusses the issues which require critical assessment. This should add to the information base available to general practitioners and thus assist in decision-making in the context of uncertainty.
Br J Gen Pract 1992 Mar
PMID:Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer, endometrial cancer and cardiovascular disease: risks and benefits. 149 29

A survey was conducted to study the impact of women's previous experiences of breast cancer screening on their subsequent readiness to reattend. Women aged 45-64 years from three general practices were invited to attend for a second breast cancer screening test at a mobile clinic. Of the 1582 women who were invited, 1408 (89.0%) reattended. A questionnaire about their experience of the previous screening test was completed by 641 women who attended and 124 who did not attend the second test. Twenty six per cent of the women had found the previous test painful, and a minority also reported embarrassment (7%) or distress (6%). Women who did not reattend were significantly more likely than those who did to report the previous screening test as embarrassing or distressing and were significantly less likely to have found the clinic staff helpful or attendance for screening worthwhile or reassuring. No significant difference was found in the reattendance rate of women who had experienced a false positive result at the previous screening test compared with the remaining women. These results show that there may be substantial scope for reducing non-attendance by improving the way the service is provided, thereby enhancing the overall impact of breast cancer screening.
Br J Gen Pract 1991 Aug
PMID:Factors affecting women's response to an invitation to attend for a second breast cancer screening examination. 177 75

The National Health Service Breast Screening Programme was instituted in 1988 following the recommendations of the Forrest report in 1986. From the beginning it has been controversial. Is breast cancer screening efficacious? Can the efficacy produced in trials be reproduced nationwide in the UK? Do the benefits of screening outweigh the adverse effects? Answers to all these questions are not yet available but in the light of current evidence, breast screening does appear to offer a realistic opportunity to reduce the mortality from a disease which constitutes a major public health problem in the UK. The role of the general practitioner and the primary care team is considered in the light of the experience gained in the first phase of the screening programme.
Br J Gen Pract 1991 Apr
PMID:Breast screening: a subject for debate. 179 59

A study was conducted to determine if a monoclonal antibody (MAB), H222, prepared against human breast cancer estrogen receptors (ER) would recognize ER in the oviduct and liver of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Using sucrose gradient analysis of antibody-ER complexes bound to [3H]estradiol we have determined that the MAB H222 binds to an ER in the cytosolic and nuclear extracts of snake tissues. The snake ER is not bound by nonspecific MABs in the sucrose gradient analysis. Further, the snake ER does not bind to other steroids, including a synthetic progestin, R5020, or the androgens 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone and R1881. The quantity of ER in the snake oviduct (200-700 fmol/mg DNA) is within an order of magnitude of that found in the oviduct of the nonhuman primate. These results suggest that the MAB H222 and 17 beta-estradiol bind to an ER in the snake that shares common properties with mammalian ER.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 1991 Jan
PMID:Immunorecognition of estrogen receptors by monoclonal antibody H222 in reproductive tissues of the red-sided garter snake. 202 8

The recommendations of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force are reviewed in regard to screening for breast cancer. In contradistinction to those issued by some other national organizations, screening for breast cancer using mammography at ages 40-49 is not recommended. It is concluded that the scientific evidence is insufficient at present to recommend mammography screening for women aged 40-49. The recommendations of the task force are: all women over age 40 should receive an annual breast examination; all women should have mammography every one or two years beginning at age 50 and concluding at approximately age 75 unless disease has been detected; and it may be prudent to begin mammography at an earlier age for women at high risk of breast cancer. These recommendations are appropriate in light of the available evidence; though at present there is no evidence that clinical examination of the breasts at any age reduces breast cancer mortality; the upper age beyond which breast cancer screening no longer has a significant effect in reducing breast cancer mortality is unknown; and there is no evidence that women at high risk for breast cancer benefit to a different degree from screening than women not at high risk.
J Gen Intern Med
PMID:Breast cancer screening: who should be included? 223 Oct 59


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