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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for human alpha-lactalbumin, a milk protein, has been developed in order to examine the effect of prolactin on the human breast in normal and diseased states. Samples of milk from nursing mothers and from men and women with galactorrhea were found to contain milligram concentrations of this protein. In serum, 8 of 25 normal men and 18 of 44 normal women had detectable concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin. Significantly higher levels of alpha-lactalbumin were found in 17 of 19 women during pregnancy who were not actively lactating. All nursing mothers were found to have distinctly elevated serum alpha-lactalbumin concentrations. In a group of 17 female patients with phenothiazine induced prolactin elevations (mean 29.4 ng/ml), the mean serum alpha-lactalbumin of 17.3 ng/ml was significantly higher than in normal female volunteers. Patients with gynecomastia were not noted to have elevated alpha-lactalbumin. In vitro, homogenates of normal breast and carcinoma tissue from the same individuals revealed that in 9 of 17 patients alpha-lactalbumin was present in higher concentrations in normal than in cancerous tissue. Overall, alpha-lactalbumin was found in 48.5% of homogenates and 41% of organ cultures of normal breast tissue from cancer patients. In contrast, it was present in only 19% of homogenates and 21% of cultures of carcinoma tissue, indicating that the cancer tissue may lose its ability to produce alpha-lactalbumin. Differences in biologic behavior were found in some tumors. In 2 cases homogenates of breast cancer tissue had much higher concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin than the normal tissue, and in 3 of 33 tumors studied in organ culture prolactin increased alpha-lactalbumin output.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977 Dec
PMID:Studies on human alpha-lactalbumin: radioimmunoassay measurements in normal human breast and breast cancer. 2 54

The case records of four groups of women over thirty on the books of a thyroid clinic were used to explore a possible association between breast cancer and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The index group consisted of 1810 women (10 160 person-years of observation) with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and the three control groups, matched by sex, age, marital status, and residency, were selected from patients with myxoedema (essential hypothyroidism), benign nodular goitre, or hyperthyroidism. The incidence of breast cancer for the index group, though not for control groups, was significantly higher than that expected from data for the general population, suggesting that patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis are one high-risk population for breast cancer.
Lancet 1975 Dec 06
PMID:Breast cancer in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. 5 2

Using the tritiated-proline microcytotoxicity assay with cultured target cells, we tested a large series of melanoma, breast cancer, and bladder cancer patients for the presence of cell-mediated immunity. Specific, disease-related activity was infrequently observed, since the patients' lymphocytes exhibited selective activity against both disease-related and non-disease-related target cells. Most normal controls also demonstrated selective activity against these target cells. Neither the length of time the target cells had been cultured in vitro nor technical aspects of the assay, including the lymphocyte preparation methods, seemed to account for our results. We concluded that the experimental design of these tests may be the critical factor responsible for many of the disparate results being observed in different laboratories.
J Natl Cancer Inst 1975 Dec
PMID:Cellular microcytotoxicity in human tumor systems: analysis of results. 5 36

The understanding of the association of mammalian ovarian function with lactation was common knowledge to dairy-men early in the 19th century or earlier. This thesis reviews the application of these empiric observations to lactation in humans by Beatson of Glasgow, supported by his preliminary laboratory investigations. Beatson noted the cellular anatomic similarity between pre-gestational breast and carcinoma. This study reviews the progressive development of the successful clinical application of castration for the control of inoperable breast cancer by Beatson in pre-menopausal women in 1895. The review terminates with its leading to the monumental work of Huggins in 1941.
Ann Surg 1976 Dec
PMID:The evolution of the concept of the use of surgical castration in the palliation of breast cancer in pre-menopausal females. 6 70

Five tumor markers were measured simultaneously in serum by radioimmunoassay: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HGC), the beta subunit of HCG, and Kappa casein. In a population of 935 normal subjects these antigens were undetectable or found within precise limits. In patients with tumors of various origins the rate of pathologically elevated levels was 72% at the beginning of the clinical course (194 cases). This high rate was primarily due to the simultaneous measurement of CEA, betaHCG, HCG, and casein. AFP was of little importance. The simultaneous measurement of these tumor markers may be one biochemical element of diagnosis of carcinoma, although this criterion is neither absolute nor specific, as 14.7% of patients with non-neoplastic disorders (234 cases) were positive for one antigen. In the presence of metastases (112 cases) the rate of pathologic levels of at least one antigen was increased: 86% due to CEA and casein assay at the same time as their absolute levels were increased. Surgical removal reduces the rate of positivity of these antigens to 37%. As was shown in patients with breast cancer, the rate was 10% when the tumor had been removed at Stage N- and 54% when it was removed at Stage N+. Thus, the persistence of pathologic levels could be correlated with the capacity for recurrence or metastases. Finally chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both, do not decrease the rate of positivity of the tumor markers.
Cancer 1976 Dec
PMID:Simultaneous assays of cancer-associated antigens in various neoplastic disorders. 6 15

Serum antibodies to tumor-associated antigens of breast carcinoma have been studied by indirect immunofluorescence in 109 patients with breast carcinoma and 125 controls, including age/sex matched normal individuals, patients with nonmalignant disease, and patients with malignant disease other than breast cancer. We report here that sera of a large proportion of patients with ductular carcinoma of the breast have antibodies to cell surface and/or intracellular antigens of autologous tumor cells and include evidence that the antigens are absent from a considerable range of normal and other types of malignant tissues. In addition to testing of control sera, specificity of the reacting antibodies was investigated further by testing of sera with normal breast tissue and the absorption of sera from breast cancer patients with various normal tissues and cancer cells. The significance of the findings in breast cancer is discussed.
Cancer 1979 Dec
PMID:Ductular carcinoma of the breast: serum antibodies to tumor-associated antigens. 9 59

The respective roles of estrogens and progestins on endometrial progesterone receptors (PRs) were evaluated in 16 proliferative-phase and 15 secretory-phase biopsy samples from normally menstruating women. Plasma estradiol-17-beta and progesterone were measured in both cytosol and nuclear extracts. In addition PRs were measured in biopsied tissue taken from 14 postmenopausal women who had been treated with increasing doses of ethinylestradiol (with or without chlormadinone acetate) who presented with breast cancer. Among the normally menstruating women, there were no relationships between PR concentrations and plasma steroid levels when both phases of the cycle were considered; however, a correlation of significance (P .005) was apparent between PR concentration and plasma 17-beta-estradiol when only the follicular stage was considered. In the postmenopausal women who were under treatment, ethinylestradiol administration seemed to increase PR concentration (P ,05), whereas concomitant treatment with chlorimadinone acetate blocked this increase. Therefore, mammals seem to have endometrial PR levels controlled by both estrogens and progestins.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979 Dec
PMID:Estrogen and progestin regulation of the progesterone receptor concentration in human endometrium. 9 78

In a screening program of self-referred women, different mammographic parenchymal patterns were related to significantly different rates for developing breast cancer. The risk of cancer detection subsequent to a negative mammographic examination was 7.6 times greater for women in the highest parenchymal risk class compared with the lowest, an increase in risk comparable to that of a personal history of breast cancer and greater than that reported for any other combination of historical risk factors. These differences are qualitatively similar to, but of a lesser magnitude than, those in previous reports which were based on symptomatic women with previous negative mammograms. Data suggest this difference in risk is inherent between parenchymal patterns, rather than indicating difficulty in identifying small cancers in dense breasts. Findings of differential parenchymal risk, coupled with other risk factors, may lead to concentrating mammographic screening on a smaller segment of the population, thus improving the benefit-to-cost ratio.
AJR Am J Roentgenol 1978 Dec
PMID:Mammographic parenchymal patterns as risk indicators for incident cancer in a screening program: an extended analysis. 10 67

This monograph on ethinyloestradiol (EE) includes chemical and physical data (synonyms and trade names), structural and molecular formulae and molecular weight of the substance, chemical and physical properties of EE, and the production, occurrence, use, and analysis of EE. Production of EE, which has not been reported to occur naturally, occurs by treatment of estrone with potassium acetylide in liquid ammonia. EE is 1 of the most active estrogens known when administered orally; it is used in human medicine for 1) estrogen replacement therapy, 2) functional menstrual disorders, 3) postpartum breast engorgement, 4) dysfunctional uterine bleeding, 5) prostatic carcinoma, and 6) for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Its largest use is as an oral contraceptive, administered in combination therapy with a progestin. Typical analytical methods for EE are presented tabularly. Biological data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans are presented in brief. Mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys have been used in experiments of EE by the oral route, and rats have been studied using subcutaneous injection. When administered alone, EE increased the incidence of pituitary tumors and malignant mammary tumors in both sexes and malignant cervical and vaginal tumors in females. Rats showed increased incidence of benign liver tumors in both sexes and malignant liver tumors in females. When combined with a progestin, EE produced mammary fibroadenomas in female rats, via subcutaneous infection. EE is embryolethal for preimplantation embryos in some species. Therefore, there is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of EE in experimental animals. No human studies were available on EE alone, but since it is used in combined oral contraceptives, carcinogenic risks associated with these are associated causally with EE.
IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum 1979 Dec
PMID:Ethinyloestradiol. 12 Aug 33

This monograph review of ethynodiol diacetate (ED) includes chemical and physical data (synonyms and tradenames), structural and molecular formulae and molecular weight of ED, chemical and physical properties (melting point, optical rotation and solubility), and the production, use, occurrence, and analysis of ED. Production of ED occurs via reduction of ethindrone to ethynodiol, which is then acetylated with acetic anhydride in pyridine to produce ED. ED is not known to occur naturally. Its applications in human medicine are similar to those of progesterone; it is primarily used in oral contraceptives combined with an estrogen and also is used to treat dysfunctional uterine bleeding, amenorrhea, and endometriosis; the French have used ED to treat advanced breast cancer. Analytical procedures for determining ED as a bulk chemical are presented tabularly. Biological data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans are also presented in brief. In laboratory experiments, ED has been tested in mice, rats, and monkeys alone and in combination with an estrogen. ED produced mammary tumors in castrated male mice and in male rat. When combined with an estrogen, it increased the incidence of pituitary tumors in mice and of malignant mammary tumors in rats of both sexes. ED is reported to be embryolethal for pre- and postimiplantation embryos and to have teratogenic effects in some species. No human data are available except studies of combined oral contraceptives, the side effects of which may be ascribed to ED by implication. There is, therefore, limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of ED in animals, and ED may be associated with increased incidence of benign liver adenoma and decreased incidence of benign breast disease associated with oral contraceptives containing combined formulations.
IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum 1979 Dec
PMID:Ethynodiol diacetate. 12 Aug 36


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