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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies on volunteers have shown that the gas hypoxic mixture containing 10% of oxygen and 90% of nitrogen (GHM-10) renders a protective action on the genetic apparatus of human skin cells but provides no protection of the peripheral blood leucocytes, which show the identical character of metabolic processes as neoplastic cells. Under clinically performed distant x-ray therapy for breast cancer the inhaling of GHM-10 was found to render the antiradiation protective action on different normal tissues (skin, subcellular connective tissue, muscle tissue, mammary gland tissue), but it fails to protect the tumor tissue and regional lymph nodes involved. The clinical observations were supported by pathomorphological examination of the operation material.
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PMID:[Radiation protection using a gaseous hypoxic mixture in oncological practice]. 38 Jan 57

Eighty-nine breast cancer patients were studied for the end result of therapy. During surgery, the anaesthesia administered was either halothane (61 cases) or ether (28 cases) mixture with nitrogen and oxygen. The holstead method for mastectomy was used for all cases. The results showed that the type of anaesthesia influenced the end results of therapy of breast cancer patients. The survival rates of patients receiving halothane were much higher than those of ether anaesthetized cases. The differences were most pronounced among cases who received both preoperative radiotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy, and in cases with metastasis into regional lymph node. A comparison of groups of patients on the basis of such parameters as the anaesthetic used, age and degree of tumor progression (according to TNM classification and post-operative histological assays) showed them to well matched. These results may be explained by the effects of the anaesthesia on the role of immunity in controlling tumor cell implantation and growth of metastasis.
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PMID:Survival rates of breast carcinoma patients after surgery and anaesthetic. 45 20

The author studied the remote results of the treatment in 1358 breast cancer patients, 554 of them were operated under ether-nitrogen-oxygen anesthesia and 804--under fluothane-nitrogen-oxygen anesthesia. The patients were subjected only to the Halsted mastectomy. Both groups of patients were identical in age and the degree of tumor spread. It is shown that late results of the treatment in breast cancer patients operated under fluothane narcosis are much better than those under ether narcosis.
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PMID:[Types of anesthesia and the late results of breast cancer treatment]. 59 13

The end results of therapy of 1,358 breast cancer patients were studied. Anaesthesia was performed by ether-nitrogen-oxygen (554 cases) or halothane-nitrogen-oxygen (804 cases) mixture with addition of oxygen. The method of Holstead was employed in all cases. A comparison of groups of patients on the basis of such parameters as the anaesthetic used, age and degree of tumour progression (according to the TNM classification and results of post-operative histological assays) showed them to be identical. The study showed that the type of anaesthesia influenced the end results of therapy of cancer patients: the survival rates of patients receiving halothane anaesthesia were much higher than those of the ether-anaesthetized patients. The differences were most pronounced among patients who received pre-operative radiation therapy and post-operative chemotherapy as well as in cases of metastasis spread into regional lymph nodes. The mechanism of the effect of the anaesthetic on the survival rates of cancer patients may be explained on the basis of the data available on the varying influences of anaesthetics on the pituitary-adrenal cortec system and carcinemia development during operation as well as the role of immunity in tumour cell implantation and growth of metastases.
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PMID:The influence of the anaesthetic on survival rates of breast cancer patients after surgery. 89 32

Estradiol mustard (EM) is the 3,17beta-diester of estradiol-17beta (E2) with the nitrogen mustard derivative chlorphenacyl. The ability of EM to bind to cytoplasmic estrogen receptors was tested by inhibition of the binding of 3H-E2 to rat uterine cytosol at 18 degrees C and 30 degrees C. At both temperatures an inhibition curve was observed in the presence of a large excess of drug, suggesting that the latter has a very weak binding affinity (100,000 times lower than E2). Incubation of uterine cytosol with increasing amounts of 3H-E2 in the presence and absence of an excess of EM indicated that the drug interacted with the receptors at the same sites as E2 (competitive inhibition). Preincubation of uterine cytosol at 18 degrees C with EM induced a progressive reduction of 3H-E2 binding capacity. This reduction also occurred, although to a lesser extent, when long-term incubation of the cytosol with EM was performed in the presence of labelled E2 from the start. The process was faster at 18 degrees C than at 4 degrees C and did not occur with EM preincubated in homogenization buffer. Exchange assays by 3H-E2 of uterine receptors preincubated with labelled E2 and excess EM indicated that the drug-induced inhibition of binding capacity was reversible and produced no apparent alteration of the receptors. Furthermore, the rate of exchange was similar to that observed with receptors previously filled with unlabelled E2. In 9 "receptor-positive" cytosols from human breast cancers, time-course study of the binding of 3H-E2 in the presence of excess of EM yielded similar results as those obtained with rat uterine cytosol. These results show that EM has a very low binding affinity for the extrogen receptors and that it is metabolized into one or several compounds of higher binding affinity. They suggest that EM is probably not significantly concentrated by the estrogen target tissues such as mammary cancers. Therefore, the drug is unlikely to be very valuable in the treatment of breast cancer through a specific mechanism involving concentration by the estrogen receptors.
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PMID:Affinity of estradiol mustard for estrogen receptors and its enzymatic degradation in uterine and breast cancer cytosols. 99 5

In an attempt to produce better cytotoxic analogues, chemotherapeutic antineoplastic radicals including an alkylating nitrogen mustard derivative of D-phenylalanine (D-melphalan), reactive cyclopropane, anthraquinone derivatives [2-(hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone and the anticancer antibiotic doxorubicin], and an antimetabolite (methotrexate) were coupled to suitably modified agonists and antagonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). Analogues with D-lysine6 and D-ornithine6 or N epsilon-(2,3-diaminopropionyl)-D-lysine and N delta-(2,3-diaminopropionyl)-D-ornithine were used as carriers for one or two cytotoxic moieties. The enhanced biological activities produced by the incorporation of D amino acids into position 6 of the agonistic analogues were further increased by the attachment of hydrophobic cytotoxic groups, resulting in compounds with 10-50 times higher activity than LH-RH. Most of the monosubstituted agonistic analogues showed high affinities for the membrane receptors of human breast cancer cells, while the receptor binding affinities of peptides containing two cytotoxic side chains were lower. Antagonistic carriers [Ac-D-Nal(2)1,D-Phe(4Cl)2,D-Trp3,Arg5,D-Lys6,D-Ala10] LH-RH [where Nal(2) is 3-(2-naphthyl)alanine], [Ac-D-Nal(2)1,D-Phe(4Cl)2,D-Trp3,Arg5,N epsilon-(2,3-diaminopropionyl)-D-Lys6,D-Ala10]LH-RH, and their D-Pal(3)3 homologs [Pal(3) is 3-(3-pyridyl)alanine] as well as [Ac-D-Nal(2)1,D-Phe(4Cl)2,D-Pal(3)3,Tyr5,N epsilon-(2,3-diamino-propionyl)-D-Lys6,D-Ala10]LH-RH were linked to cytotoxic compounds. The hybrid molecules inhibited ovulation in rats at doses of 10 micrograms and suppressed LH release in vitro. The receptor binding of cytotoxic analogues was decreased compared to the precursor peptides, although analogues with 2-(hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone hemiglutarate had high affinities. All of the cytotoxic analogues tested inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in cultures of human breast and prostate cancer cell lines. Some cytotoxic analogues also significantly suppressed the growth of mammary and prostate cancers in vivo in animal models.
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PMID:Analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone containing cytotoxic groups. 131 May 42

Five hexapeptide and heptapeptide analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) were synthesized for use as carriers for cytotoxic compounds. These short analogs were expected to enhance target selectivity of the antineoplastic agents linked to them. Native LH-RH-(3-9) and LH-RH-(4-9) containing D-lysine and D-ornithine at position 6 were amidated with ethylamine and acylated on the N terminus. The receptor-binding affinity of one hexapeptide carrier AJ-41 (Ac-Ser-Tyr-D-Lys-Leu-Arg-Pro-NH-Et) to human breast cancer cell membranes was similar to that of [D-Trp6]LH-RH. Alkylating nitrogen mustards (melphalan, Ac-melphalan), anthraquinone derivatives including anticancer antibiotic doxorubicin, antimetabolite (methotrexate), and cisplatin-like platinum complex were linked to these peptides through their omega-amino group at position 6. The hybrid molecules showed no LH-RH agonistic activity in vitro and in vivo but had nontypical antagonistic effects on pituitary cells in vitro at the doses tested. These analogs showed a wide range of receptor-binding affinities to rat pituitaries and cell membranes of human breast cancer and rat Dunning prostate cancer. Several of these conjugates exerted some cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.
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PMID:Short-chain analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone containing cytotoxic moieties. 133 35

This study investigates the effect of freezing and storage of tissue and subcellular fractions on the measurement of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF-r); compares competition binding and single saturating dose assays (SSD) for quantitating EGF-r levels; investigates several tissues as potential quality control; and examines the relationship between EGF-r and hormone receptor expression in human breast cancers. Mouse and calf uterine cell membranes were preferred sources of quality control tissue with similar levels of high affinity EGF-r to human breast cancer tissue (less than 150-200 fmol/mg membrane protein). Studies using pooled mouse uterine tissues indicated a loss of 40% in EGF-r activity following a single-20 degrees C freeze/thaw cycle, while a breast cancer tissue showed a 75% loss, independent of storage temperature (liquid nitrogen, -70 degrees C, -20 degrees C). A single freeze/thaw cycle of mouse uterine broken cell pellets (nuclei plus membrane fraction) again indicated a loss of EGF-r irrespective of storage temperature (43% loss at -70 degrees C, 52% loss at -20 degrees C). In most cases irrespective of the tissue type or tissue fraction being stored, the length of storage had little impact on the extent of the loss in activity. A second freeze/thaw cycle of intact tissue, or freezing of broken cell pellets from a previously-frozen tissue, led to a further major or total loss of the remaining EGF-r. Overall these results are commensurate with the published effects of freezing and storage on estrogen receptor measurement. In addition, our studies suggest that the most suitable procedure for assaying frozen breast cancer specimens for EGF-r levels in conjunction with steroid receptor quantitation is to prepare and assay both cytosol and membrane fractions for their respective receptor content without further storage. A concordance of 86% was found in 44 breast cancers assayed for EGF-4 by saturation analysis and SSD. Statistically significant inverse relationships were found between EGF-r and estrogen and progesterone receptor levels in the study of approximately 350 breast cancer patients. No association was found with tumor stage or diameter, axillary node involvement, or patient age.
Breast Cancer Res Treat 1992
PMID:Epidermal growth factor receptor in breast cancer: storage conditions affecting measurement, and relationship to steroid receptors. 139 79

We took advantage of one of the main possibilities of ion microscopy, ie isotopic analysis, to study the cellular distribution of molecules labelled either with carbon 14 or with stable isotopes of low natural abundance such as nitrogen 15 and deuterium. The surface of the sample is bombarded with an ion beam (O2+, Cs+ etc). Secondary ions emitted from the sample are filtered by a mass spectrometer and the distribution of the labelling isotope is recorded. In this way, we obtained images showing the characteristic distribution of 14C-thymidine and D-arginine in human fibroblasts, and of 15N-adenine in organotypic cultures of human breast cancer cells. The spatial resolution on the acquired images was close to 0.1 micron when using the UPS-ONERA ion microprobe. The sensitivity of the method for detecting carbon 14 is far greater than that of autoradiography and the technique is both fast and quantitative. On the other hand, the capacity of ion microscopy for studying the tissular distribution of molecules labelled with stable isotopes, opens the way for biological and pharmacological tracer studies of human diseases.
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PMID:Mapping the cellular distribution of labelled molecules by SIMS microscopy. 151 Dec 50

Various flavonoids, such as genistein, luteolin, and coumestrol, have actions in mammals that are mediated by binding either to classical estrogen receptors or to type II receptors, which also bind estrogen. These actions are of intense interest because they may be the basis for the protective actions of plants against certain cancers, such as breast cancer. The biological activity of flavonoids in mammals raises some questions. Is the hormonal action of flavonoids "an accident" derived from their phenolic groups and general hydrophobicity, which gives them some properties in common with estrogens? Or do flavonoids regulate gene transcription in other organisms? And, if so, is there a connection between their actions in these organisms and in mammals? Some answers to these questions are provided by the actions of plant-derived flavonoids in regulating gene transcription in rhizobia, bacteria that form nitrogen-fixing nodules in the roots of legumes, which has several interesting similarities with steroid-mediated actions in vertebrates. First, there is specificity in the actions of flavonoids in rhizobia; oxidation or reduction of the flavonoid or removal of a hydroxyl group can alter its biological activity. Moreover, some flavonoids are anti-inducers functioning like steroid antagonists to negate the actions of inducers. Also there are sequence similarities between various steroid metabolizing enzymes and proteins found in rhizobia, which indicates that these proteins are derived from a common ancestor. For example, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the interconversion of the alcohol and ketone a C17 on estrogens and androgens, 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the interconversion of the alcohol and ketone at C11 of glucocorticoids, and 3 alpha,20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the interconversion of the alcohol and ketone at C20 of corticosteroids, are homologs of proteins found in rhizobia. Thus, the binding of flavonoids to vertebrate proteins may represent an evolutionary linkage between the actions of steroids in mammals and communication between plants and rhizobia.
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PMID:Evolution of regulation of steroid-mediated intercellular communication in vertebrates: insights from flavonoids, signals that mediate plant-rhizobia symbiosis. 156 8


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