Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells, phorbol diesters inhibit proliferation and induce cell maturation. We investigated the involvement of TGF-beta 1 in the PCK-mediated inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation. Using an RNase protection assay, we showed that TPA induced a dose-dependent increase in levels of TGF-beta 1 mRNA that paralleled the inhibitory effect on MCF-7 proliferation. Similar results were obtained with another TPA-sensitive breast cancer cell line (BT-20). TPA did not increase TGF-beta 1 mRNA levels in the MCF-7:RPh-4 and T47D cell lines, which are both insensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of phorbol esters. In addition, the increase in TGF-beta 1 mRNA level was not observed after treatment of the MCF-7 cell with other inducers of cell differentiation such as forskolin, DMF, HMBA and sodium butyrate. The induction of TGF-beta 1 mRNA by TPA along with its inhibitory effect on cell proliferation suggests that TGF-beta 1 mediates, at least in part, the inhibitory effect of PKC activation.
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PMID:[Regulation by protein kinase C of TGF-beta 1 expression in cultured cells of breast adenocarcinoma]. 142 93

Expression of the tumour markers CEA, TPA and CA 50 was determined immunohistochemically (using a staining index, I) in paraffin embedded biopsy specimens from 114 female breast carcinomas, with special emphasis on tumour histology and patient prognosis. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 58.1 (13.1) years and they were prospectively followed-up for a mean of 12.4 years. The mean (SD) staining index (I) values were as follows: for CEA 0.14 (0.35) (range 0.00-3.00) for TPA 2.01 (0.77) (range 0.00-3.00) and for CA 50 0.36 (0.67) (range 0.00-3.00). Grade I tumours showed higher positivity for TPA than grade III tumours (p = 0.0038). The irregularity of nuclei was related to TPA positivity, in that the tumours with regular nuclei had higher I values for TPA positivity, than tumours with highly irregular nuclei (p = 0.08). Breast cancer-related survival significantly correlated with TPA positivity as well (p = 0.047). The CEA and CA 50 positivity were not significantly related to clinical or histological variables. Survival could not be predicted significantly by means of CEA or CA 50 quantitation. Our results show that it is possible to quantitate the expression of the tumour markers CEA, TPA and CA 50 in breast cancer in paraffin sections. CEA and CA 50 immunohistochemistry does not possess any significant predictive value in breast cancer, whereas TPA expression might be utilized in discriminating malignant subtypes of breast cancers from the more benign ones.
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PMID:Expression of tumour markers CA50, CEA and TPA in female breast carcinoma as related to histopathological findings and survival. 156 86

The usefulness of post-operatively serial serum CA15-3 determination with CEA and TPA was evaluated in a group of 285 breast cancer patients. In particular, the CA15-3 sensitivity to 'early' diagnosis and monitoring of the response to treatment of breast cancer relapses, was compared with those of the two other markers in order to define the most suitable association. Moreover, in a group of 169 non relapsed patients with a prolonged follow-up (40 +/- 8 months; mean +/- s.d.) CA15-3 specificity was investigated. During post-operative follow-up in 27 (10%) patients, distant metastases occurred. In most of them, elevated values of one or more tumour markers were the first pathological sign and CA15-3, CEA and TPA sensitivity to 'early' diagnosis of metastases were 46%, 7% and 63% respectively. When each tumour marker was considered in combination, CA15-3-CEA-TPA association showed a higher sensitivity (87%) than both CA15-3-TPA (83%) and the CEA-TPA (70%). Serum CA15-3 increase preceded the certain sign of metastases 2.7 +/- 2.6 months (mean +/- s.d.). Shortly before appearance and during treatment of distant metastases, constant elevation and/or progressive increase in serum CA15-3 values occurred in all evaluated patients except three in whom isolated elevated values were found as well. In 24 (14%) of 169 non relapsed patients with prolonged follow-up (40 +/- 8 months; mean +/- s.d.) high serum CA15-3 values occurred. In 16 of these 24 patients, an isolated elevated value was found, while four (2.3%) or the eight remaining ones with constant elevation and/or progressive increase were falsely suspected of metastases. In this group of non relapsed patients, chronic liver failure, diabetes and/or hepatic steatosis were the reasons more commonly responsible for the CA15-3 increase. In metastatic patients, no organ-specificity was shown either by CA15-3 or by CEA and TPA. In these patients serum TPA values showed the highest sensitivity and paralleled clinical and/or instrumental signs better than the CA15-3 and even more than CEA values. These data indicate that in the post-operative follow-up of breast cancer patients, TPA is the most useful tumour marker and TPA-CA15-3 the most suitable association. Contemporaneous measurement of serum CEA levels only slightly increases sensitivity and positive predictive value of TPA-CA15-3 combination.
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PMID:Evaluation of serum CA15-3 determination with CEA and TPA in the post-operative follow-up of breast cancer patients. 185 15

CA 15-3, TPA and CEA were assayed before surgery in 60 patients with breast cancer. A significant association was found between preoperative CA 15-3 levels and some of the most important prognostic factors in breast cancer, such as lymph node status and tumor size. No similar association was discovered for CEA and TPA. Preoperative CA 15-3 levels were also significantly associated with early recurrences of the disease, thus adding useful information to prognosis especially in N+ patients.
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PMID:Impact of preoperative CA 15-3 levels in operable breast cancer. Comparison with tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). 185 13

A combination of 2 or 3 tumor markers was determined in the serum of 478 patients with malignant tumors. In 195 out of 213 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and without relapse or metastases, the Tg concentration has undetectable. In 9 patients with nonfunctioning thyroid metastases the Tg level was correlated with the progress of the disease or the success of the treatment. In 114 patients with gastrointestinal cancer CA 19-9, TPA and IAP were measured simultaneously. The highest discrepancies between patients with relapse or metastases (increased values in 1/2 of patients) and patients without relapse or metastases (increased values in 1/4 of patients) were given by CA 19-9. In the serum of 90 patients with breast cancer increased CA 15-3 values were found in 2/3 of patients with relapse or metastases and in 1/4 of patients without signs of tumor. A combination of universal tumor markers TPA and IAP had no value in monitoring 26 patients with melanoma.
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PMID:Tumor marker determinations. 195 Jun 43

We compared a new tumor marker NCC-ST-439 (ST-439) with CA 15-3, CEA and TPA for its clinical usefulness in 600 patients with breast cancer (81, primary; 49, recurrent; 470, non-recurrent), and confirmed the following results. The sensitivity of ST-439 (41.5%) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than that of CA 15-3 (26.2%), CEA (28.5%) and TPA (26.9%). The specificity of ST-439 (84.5%), however, was considerably lower (p less than 0.01) than these other three markers. In primary cases, the positive rate of ST 439 (34.6%) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than that of the other markers, and was remarkable in the early stage. As to the positive rate at the various metastatic sites, there were a few differences among these four markers. Because of no significant correlation among these markers, combination assay with ST-439, CA 15-3 and CEA showed an excellent sensitivity (57.7%). These results suggest that ST-439 is a useful tumor marker not only in monitoring the recurrence, but also in the diagnosis of primary cancer.
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PMID:[Clinical significance of a tumor marker NCC-ST-439 in breast cancer--a comparative study with CA 15-3, CEA and TPA]. 206 99

In a group of breast cancer patients post-operatively followed-up by serum CEA, TPA, and CA15-3 level determinations, the CA549, CA M26 and CA M29 values as well were measured. In metastatic patients, CA549 and CA M26 showed a sensitivity only slightly lower (70% and 67%, respectively) than that of TPA which was the highest (78%), while CA M29 sensitivity (58%) was much lower than that of TPA and similar to CEA (57%). In non-relapsed patients, CA M26 and CA M29 showed a specificity (95% and 92% respectively) similar to CEA (86%) and CA15-3 (92%) and much higher than TPA (73%). Among the possible associations of all the studied tumor markers, the CA M26-CA M29-CEA one seems the most promising because of its high sensitivity and specificity. Benign liver diseases and/or diabetes are probably the reasons most often responsible for the aspecific increase in serum CA549 values. On the other hand, they seem to affect the CA M29 much less and the CA M26 almost not at all.
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PMID:Evaluation of serum CA549, CA M26 and CA M29 levels in the post-operative follow-up of breast cancer patients. 209 Jul 96

Bone metabolism was investigated in 152 patients with breast cancer comprising 109 without bone metastasis (negative group), 9 with suspicious bone metastasis (suspicious group) and 34 with bone metastasis (positive group). Bone scintigraphy had high sensitivity (100%) for diagnosis of bone metastasis, but its specificity was 79.8%. The levels of serum calcium corrected by serum albumin (CaC), ionized calcium (CaF) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly higher in the positive group than in the negative one. Serum osteocalcin (OC) level was significantly higher in the positive and suspicious groups than in the negative group. The level of procollagen Type III N-peptide (PIIINP) was also higher in the positive group than in the other two groups. Microdensitometric parameters (MCI and sigma GS/D) showed significantly lower values in the positive group than in the negative and suspicious groups. Hormone receptors (ER and PgR) status and tumor markers (CEA, TPA, NCC-ST439 and CA15-3) were not related to the presence of bone metastasis. We conclude that repeated measurements of serum CaC, CaF, ALP, OC and PIIINP, and MCI and sigma GS/D are required to predict bone metastasis, and bone scintigraphy to confirm the site of lesion on the bone system and finally X-ray examination to make an exact diagnosis of pathological changes of the bone.
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PMID:Early diagnosis for bone metastasis of breast cancer based on bone metabolism. 210 78

Approximately one third of the human breast tumors are estradiol (E2)-dependent in the initial stages of the disease. E2 is thought to stimulate growth indirectly, through induced production of autocrine polypeptide growth factors. In this hypothesis constitutive production of such growth factors would lead to the loss of E2 dependence, as associated with progression of the disease. Recent data, however, suggest that breast cancer cells do not react to the growth factors that they produce. Here we provide evidence that the direct stimulation of the c-fos proto-oncogene may be an important step in the stimulation by E2 of the human breast cancer cell line MCF7. E2 by itself, however, is poorly mitogenic, and it does not induce genes from the jun family, whose gene products are necessary for heterodimerization with the c-fos-encoded protein (Fos), leading to an important step in growth factor signalling pathways, stimulation of TPA-responsive element (TRE)-dependent transcriptional activity. In combination with insulin-like growth factors, that were found to be efficient inducers of c-jun in breast cancer cells, E2 synergistically stimulates TRE activity and proliferation. These effects of E2 on growth factor signalling pathways indicate that E2 may directly induce the proliferation of MCF7 cells, independent from autocrine growth factors.
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PMID:Stimulation of TPA-responsive element activity by a cooperative action of insulin and estrogen in human breast cancer cells. 212 40

The clinical application of circulating tumor markers remains a controversial subject in terms of useful methods and correct interpretation of findings. In particular and despite numerous investigations in the field, we do not have as yet specific or highly sensitive biological markers in breast cancer. Nevertheless, many oncologists often utilize circulating tumor markers in various phases of this malignancy to obtain additional information about disease extent and clinical course. For this reason, we have reviewed the present status of the most widely used serum tumor markers in this neoplasm. Both CEA and TPA are well known, but their organ specificity is not related to breast. Among novel biological markers identified by monoclonal antibodies, special attention has been devoted to circulating agents that are recognized by immunoreagents and that were obtained by immunization with breast-derived products. Both CA 15.3 and MCA are now being validated at the clinical level. From the present review it is clear that today we are still far from being able to make the diagnosis of breast cancer on the sole basis of laboratory findings. On the contrary, some of the available markers can be utilized as prognostic indicators of disease extent and treatment response. Their value greatly increases when combined with conventional diagnostic methods that can be prescribed on the basis of abnormal laboratory findings to confirm or rule out disease recurrence.
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PMID:Circulating tumor markers in breast cancer (review). 218 87


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