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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Blood lymphocyte subsets of early breast cancer patients and of men with stage I seminoma of the testis were studied up to 6 years after radiotherapy. Similar results were obtained in the two patient groups. After a temporary decrease, the CD4-w29 or "memory" T cells recovered completely, while the CD4-45R or "naive" T cells remained decreased up to 6 years after irradiation. The number of CD8 T lymphocytes did not change during or after treatment. Because of the decrease of a subset of CD4 cells, and the unchanged values of CD8 cells, the CD4/CD8 ratio decreased significantly after irradiation, and remained lower than before treatment up to 5-6 years after radiotherapy. The number of both HLA-DR positive CD4 and HLA-DR positive CD8 T cells ("activated" T cells) increased significantly after irradiation. The natural killer (NK) cells were not affected by treatment. We propose that the recovery of the CD4 cells is limited to the CD4-w29 ("memory") population because of thymic dysfunction in older humans. The impact of the observed immune modulation on the low susceptibility for infections after local irradiation, and on putative antitumour immune responses is discussed.
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PMID:Changes of lymphocyte subsets after local irradiation for early stage breast cancer and seminoma testis: long-term increase of activated (HLA-DR+) T cells and decrease of "naive" (CD4-CD45R) T lymphocytes. 138 95

T-lymphocyte subsets (CD4/CD8 antigen positive cells) were determined in peripheral lymphocytes from 48 patients with breast cancer of different stages by flow immunocytometry with the aid of anti-CD4 and CD8 monoclonal antibodies. A broad individual variability of the CD4/CD8 ratio among both healthy donors and breast cancer patients was observed. The average value of CD4/CD8 ratio decreased in groups as follows: Healthy donors and Stage I patients, Stage IIA, IIB and Stage IV breast cancer patients. These differences were generally statistically not significant. The difference between healthy donors and Stage IV breast cancer patients was statistically significant (p < 0.01), if one exceedingly elevated value of the CD4/CD8 ratio was excluded from statistical evaluation. The average CD4/CD8 value in the group of breast cancer patients with lymph node or distant metastases was lower than that of patients without metastases, but their difference was not statistically significant either.
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PMID:T-lymphocyte subsets (CD4/CD8 ratio) in breast cancer patients. 143 31

An intermediate endpoint is a biologic event or marker that is a precursor to a given health outcome. Examples of potential intermediate endpoints include serum cholesterol for coronary heart disease, endogenous steroid hormones for breast cancer, and CD4 count for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. When one is studying a potential intermediate endpoint in the context of an intervention trial, five types of questions may be investigated: 1) Does the intervention affect the intermediate endpoint? 2) Is the intermediate endpoint associated with prognostic or risk factors? 3) Is the intermediate endpoint associated with the main outcome? 4) Is the intervention effect on the main outcome mediated by the intermediate endpoint? 5) Are the prognostic or risk factor effects mediated by the intermediate endpoint? In this paper, the authors show that each of these questions had different sample size requirements, and they illustrate their point with a discussion of an ancillary study of large bowel epithelial proliferation in the National Cancer Institute's Polyp Prevention Trial. The same methods may be used in an observational study, in which case questions 2, 3, and 5 are relevant. However, much larger numbers than those used in the Polyp Prevention Trial example will be required when the main outcome is rare.
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PMID:Sample size for studying intermediate endpoints within intervention trails or observational studies. 146 74

The primary tumour cells and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of 31 breast cancer patients have been analysed by dual colour flow cytometry to determine whether the phenotype and/or activation status of the TILs bears any relationship to the expression of MHC antigens on the tumour cells. The phenotype and activation status of 5000 TILs were studied using Mabs to CD4, CD8, HLA DR, CD25 (the low affinity inducible IL-2 receptor) and the transferrin receptor and related to Class I and Class II MHC expression on 5000 primary tumour cells. On the tumour cells, Class I MHC expression ranged from 1-74%, averaging 12.9%. HLA DR expression ranged from 1-69% averaging 14.3%. When the phenotypic proportions of the lymphocytic infiltrate were analysed there was found to be a correlation between tumour expression of Class I MHC and the proportion of both CD4+ (P less than 0.05) and CD8+ (P less than 0.02) T cells within the tumour. No such relationship was found with the MHC Class II antigen. When TIL activation markers were analysed, the percentage of CD8+ TILs positive for HLA DR expression correlated strongly with the expression of Class I (P less than 0.001) and Class II (P less than 0.001) antigens on the tumour cells. The percentage of CD4+ TILs positive for HLA DR expression also correlated significantly, but less strongly with the expression of Class I (P less than 0.01) and Class II (P less than 0.02) antigen expression on the tumour cells. The percentage of CD4+ TILs positive for CD25 expression correlated with both Class I (P less than 0.05) and Class II (P less than 0.03) expression on the tumour cells while the percentage of CD8+ TILs positive for CD25 did not. The percentage of TILs bearing the transferrin receptor showed no measurable correlation with the expression of either class of MHC antigen on the tumour. The data suggest that MHC expression on the tumour cells has a selective effect on the response capacity of different parts of the immune system.
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PMID:Flow cytometric analysis of tumour infiltrating lymphocyte activation and tumour cell MHC class I and II expression in breast cancer patients. 173 Jan 39

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) usually occurs in patients with hematologic malignancies and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Patients with solid tumors represent a very small fraction of the reported cases of PCP. Over an 18-month period, PCP was diagnosed in three patients who had received radiation and chemotherapy for breast cancer. In all three patients, there was no serologic or clinical evidence of AIDS. Direct staining of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) revealed Pneumocystis carinii, and cellular analysis of BAL revealed an increased percentage of lymphocytes with reversed helper/inducer:suppressor/cytotoxic T-cell (CD4:CD8) ratio. Because decreased CD4:CD8 ratio in BAL is commonly accepted as findings consistent with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and AIDS, we conclude that similar findings in patients without AIDS are not specific for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and P. carinii should be ruled out in the appropriate clinical setting.
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PMID:Reversed helper/suppressor T-lymphocyte ratio in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with breast cancer and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 184 28

Mitoxantrone (DHAD), an anthracenedione with antineoplastic properties similar to doxorubicin, was tested for therapeutic efficacy and for immunomodulating action on lymphocyte subsets in 16 metastatic breast cancer patients, 12 of whom had been previously treated with chemotherapy. DHAD was given intravenously at a dose of 14 mg/m2 every 21 days. To evaluate total T lymphocytes (CD3), T helper (CD4), and T suppressor/cytotoxic cells (CD8) and the CD4/CD8 ratio, venous blood samples were drawn before and after the first DHAD cycle. Moreover, in 8/16 patients, B lymphocytes (CD20), T suppressor cells (CD8+/CD57+), T cytotoxic cells (CD8+/CD57-), NK (CD16) and IL-2 receptor-expressing cells (CD25) were also measured at the same time. An objective tumor response was achieved in 5/16 (31%) patients and the response rate was significantly higher in patients pretreated with hormone therapy alone than in those pretreated with chemotherapy. No relation was found between clinical response and changes in the CD4/CD8 ratio. Neither the mean number nor the percentage of CD3, CDA and CD8 cells observed after DHAD were significantly different with respect to those seen before. In contrast, the mean number of T suppressor cells, B lymphocytes and CD25-positive cells was significantly lower after than before DHAD administration, whereas no difference was seen in NK cells. These results confirm in humans the immunomodulating properties of DHAD previously described in experimental conditions. However, the DHAD-induced changes in lymphocyte subsets do not seem to be related to the clinical response in breast cancer.
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PMID:Mitoxantrone as a single agent in pretreated metastatic breast cancer: effects on T lymphocyte subsets and their relation to clinical response. 186 50

The immune status of breast cancer patients was followed during antiestrogen treatment for at least 1 year or until progression of the disease. Twelve post-menopausal women with advanced estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer were treated with a novel antiestrogen, toremifene. Immune functions were determined before the start of the treatment and at 3, 6, and 12 months. For NK cell cytotoxicity testing there were 74 healthy controls and for T cell subset measurements 28 healthy controls. No statistically significant changes in the T cell subsets or NK cell cytotoxicity were observed during treatment. However, throughout toremifene treatment patients had fewer CD4 cells (T helper lymphocytes) than did the controls. Cancer patients had higher pretreatment B cell values than the controls, P = 0.01, but during the first months of toremifene treatment B cell values decreased and remained within the normal range thereafter. A positive effect on mitogen-stimulation tests with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) was observed during the first months of treatment (P = 0.01 for PHA and 0.03 for log [ConA] and a stabilization at the higher level thereafter. These results indicate that toremifene has a stimulatory effect on cell-mediated immunity in breast cancer patients.
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PMID:The immunological status of breast cancer patients during treatment with a new antiestrogen, toremifene. 214 89

Clusters of plasmacytoid T cells (PTC) were detected in axillary lymph nodes draining an invasive ductal breast cancer in a 64-year-old woman. Immunocytology of PTC revealed a remarkable antigenic profile. Analysis with a broad spectrum of monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that PTC bear the CD4 surface antigen (Leu-3a+ and OKT4+), the transferrin receptor (OKT9+), and components of the HLA class-II antigens (TU35+, TU39+, Leu-10+). Surprisingly, PTC were stained by two monoclonal antibodies recognizing monocytes and macrophages (Ki-M6 and Ki-M7). Finally, Leu-8, which detects most mature T lymphocytes, also identified the PTC, and all pan T-cell markers (Leu-1, UCHT 1, and Lyt 3) were constantly negative. The cytogenesis and the functional properties of PTC remain a matter of discussion.
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PMID:Immunocytology of plasmacytoid T cells: marker analysis indicates a unique phenotype of this enigmatic cell. 349 97

A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the effect of diet on immune function in nine premenopausal, post-therapy patients with breast cancer. The patients were instructed on following the American Cancer Society dietary guidelines and were told to do so from day 0 to day 28. These guidelines recommend a high-fiber, low-fat diet. On day 29, the patients continued the diet but included fish high in omega-3 fatty acids until day 56. Twenty-four-hour urine and blood samples, and 3-day diet records were obtained on days 0, 28, and 56. The following parameters were monitored: lymphocyte subsets, T-cell function (proliferation and cytolytic response), and urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Results throughout the study suggested a benefit from decreasing dietary fat intake, and increasing fish intake. Helper T-cell (CD4) percentage increased from day 0 to days 28 and 56 (P = 0.048). Cytotoxic/suppressor T-cell (CD8) percentage decreased from day 0 to days 28 and 56 (P = 0.002). The CD4/CD8 cell ratio increased by days 28 and 56 (P = 0.0004). The proliferation of CD4 cells increased from day 0 to days 28 and 56 (P = 0.005). Significant changes were not found in the cytolytic activity of T cells, natural killer cells, total T and B cells, or urinary prostaglandin E2. Results suggest that patients with breast cancer may benefit from following American Cancer Society dietary guidelines and consuming cold-water ocean fish.
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PMID:Effect of major dietary modifications on immune system in patients with breast cancer: a pilot study. 762 Apr 89

Five percent of patients dying with breast cancer have leptomeningeal metastases (LM) but current therapy is of only marginal benefit. Therefore, an experimental model of LM from breast cancer was developed to facilitate the development of novel therapies. Cell suspensions of 13762 MAT BIII rat mammary carcinoma cells are injected into the cisterna magna of adult, female Fischer 344 rats under general anesthesia. 10-12 days after the injection of 2 x 10(5) viable cells, animals develop neurologic signs, including ataxia, paralysis and spontaneous rotation. Histologically, tumor cells can be seen in the subarachnoid space over the surface of the brain and spinal cord and within the ventricles. Tumor cells do not invade the brain parenchyma. Collections of tumor cells are extensively infiltrated by macrophages and CD8-positive (suppressor/cytotoxic) T cells, but by few CD4-positive (helper) T cells. MAT BIII cells therefore provide a model of LM from breast cancer with a reproducible clinical course and histologic features. The tumor elicits a cellular immune response and can be useful in exploring biologic therapies for leptomeningeal metastases.
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PMID:An experimental model of leptomeningeal metastases employing rat mammary carcinoma cells. 762 67


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