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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Breast cancer is the foremost cause of cancer death in women. A possible relationship has been suggested between breast cancer and cholesterol-rich diets, although no clear link has been established till now. This is an epidemiological study of the evolution of breast cancer mortality in Spain during the period 1977 to 1985, and it was made in relation to the principal dietary components of this country. The study period involved has made it necessary to take into account the corresponding changes in demographic structure; thus, standardization or specific fitting permitted comparisons. Global energy consumption in Spain is under 150 kcal per person per day for 50% of the population, and less than 180 kcal per person per day for 98% (range: 140 to 162) during the study period involved. Low correlation values were observed in relating mean breast cancer mortality rates for the 50 Spanish provinces to the dietary components studied. However, the most significant correlations relate mean mortality rate to total lipids, fiber, cereals, and Vitamin C intake.
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PMID:Breast cancer and diet in Spain. 162 86

Although no absolute certainty exists about the role of nutrition in the etiology of cancer, many facts in favor of the relationship became available during the last decades. Correlation studies, experimental work and to a lesser extent case-control studies made it possible to clarify the role of certain nutrients and foods in carcinogenesis. The most important cancer sites where nutrition could play a role are esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, prostate and breast. Esophageal cancer is of a very complex etiology, in which alcohol intake plays an important role, at least in western countries. The cancer-promoting properties of alcohol intake are enhanced by smoking. Three factors from nutrition are probably related to stomach cancer, namely salt, nitrate/nitrite and vitamin C. Salt is caustic to the stomach mucosa, resulting in atrophic gastritis. Salt is also co-carcinogenic and stomach cancer-promoting in experimental animals. Nitrate is probably important at the stage of atrophic gastritis, where bacterial overgrowth, due to the high pH, converts nitrates in nitrites, making the loco synthesis possible of potent nitrosocarcinogens. Vitamin C inhibits the latter step. The epidemiological evidence for the role of those factors is provided. The most important among them is the strong and consistent association of stomach cancer mortality with stroke. Rectum, colon, prostate and breast cancer are related in some way to fat intake. They all seem positively related to saturated fat intake, whereas breast cancer is probably also promoted by polyunsaturated fat intake. However, polyunsaturated fat seems to be without effect on rectum cancer. Colon and prostate cancer are probably also influenced by polyunsaturated fat but to a lesser degree than breast cancer. An important argument for this are the positive ecological correlations between changes in rectum, colon and breast cancer mortality from 1968 on, and changes occurring in coronary heart diseases, stroke and diabetes mortality. Those six types of mortality are decreasing, or only slightly increasing in the USA, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, etc. They are strongly increasing in East European countries. The intake of saturated fat has generally decreased in the first group of countries, and has markedly increased in the second group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Nutrition and cancer. 353 16

Epidemiologic studies of diet and cancer have been facilitated in Hawaii by the multiethnic composition of its population and the consequent heterogeneity in dietary intakes. Studies of migrant populations, particularly the Japanese, have firmly supported the conclusions that environmental factors are of predominant etiologic significance for most major sites of cancer, and that these factors may exert their influences at particular periods of life. Recent observations on Filipino migrants reproduce most of the findings in the Japanese, although they do not show the same abrupt increase in colon cancer rates to the high levels found in Caucasians. Data on dietary intakes in these populations support several of the prevailing hypotheses regarding the etiology of certain gastrointestinal and hormone-dependent cancers. Several case-control studies of diet and cancer have been completed or are ongoing in Hawaii. Some of these have included comparable studies in Japan, but the findings in Hawaii have generally not been reproduced in Japan. Weak associations with dietary fat have been found in Hawaii for breast cancer (particularly in Japanese women) and for prostate cancer (particularly in men greater than or equal to 70 years of age). Vitamin A (especially carotene) has been shown to be inversely associated with lung cancer risk in men, but positively associated with prostate cancer risk in older men. Vitamin C may be inversely related to bladder cancer risk, but has shown no relationship to lung or prostate cancer risk. These and other findings are discussed in terms of future needs for epidemiologic research in this field.
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PMID:Multiethnic studies of diet, nutrition, and cancer in Hawaii. 391

Thirty-two typical patients with breast cancer, aged 32-81 years and classified 'high risk' because of tumor spread to the lymph nodes in the axilla, were studied for 18 months following an Adjuvant Nutritional Intervention in Cancer protocol (ANICA protocol). The nutritional protocol was added to the surgical and therapeutic treatment of breast cancer, as required by regulations in Denmark. The added treatment was a combination of nutritional antioxidants (Vitamin C: 2850 mg, Vitamin E: 2500 iu, beta-carotene 32.5 iu, selenium 387 micrograms plus secondary vitamins and minerals), essential fatty acids (1.2 g gamma linolenic acid and 3.5 g n-3 fatty acids) and Coenzyme Q10 (90 mg per day). The ANICA protocol is based on the concept of testing the synergistic effect of those categories of nutritional supplements, including vitamin Q10, previously having shown deficiency and/or therapeutic value as single elements in diverse forms of cancer, as cancer may be synergistically related to diverse biochemical dysfunctions and vitamin deficiencies. Biochemical markers, clinical condition, tumor spread, quality of life parameters and survival were followed during the trial. Compliance was excellent. The main observations were: (1) none of the patients died during the study period. (the expected number was four.) (2) none of the patients showed signs of further distant metastases. (3) quality of life was improved (no weight loss, reduced use of pain killers). (4) six patients showed apparent partial remission.
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PMID:Apparent partial remission of breast cancer in 'high risk' patients supplemented with nutritional antioxidants, essential fatty acids and coenzyme Q10. 775 35

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and oxygen consumption measurements using a Clark-type oxygen electrode have been used to study the metabolism of the estrogen 17 beta-estradiol by lactoperoxidase. Evidence for a one-electron oxidation of estradiol to its reactive phenoxyl radical intermediate is presented. The phenoxyl radical metabolite abstracts hydrogen from reduced glutathione generating the glutathione thiyl radical, which is spin trapped by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and subsequently detected by ESR spectroscopy. In the absence of DMPO, molecular oxygen is consumed by a sequence of reactions initiated by the glutathione thiyl radical. Similarly, the estradiol phenoxyl radical abstracts hydrogen from reduced beta-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to generate the NAD. radical. The NAD. radical is not spin trapped by DMPO, but instead reduces molecular oxygen to the superoxide radical, which is then spin-trapped by DMPO. The superoxide generated may either spontaneously dismutate to form hydrogen peroxide or react with another NADH to form NAD., thus propagating a chain reaction leading to oxygen consumption and hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Ascorbate inhibits oxygen consumption when estradiol is metabolized in the presence of either glutathione or NADH by reducing radical intermediates back to their parent molecules and forming the relatively stable ascorbate radical. These results demonstrate that the futile metabolism of micromolar quantities of estradiol catalyzes the oxidation of much greater concentrations of biochemical reducing cofactors, such as glutathione and NADH, with hydrogen peroxide produced as a consequence. The accumulation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide could explain the hydroxyl radical-induced DNA base lesions recently reported for female breast cancer tissue.
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PMID:The metabolism of 17 beta-estradiol by lactoperoxidase: a possible source of oxidative stress in breast cancer. 795 18

Although many epidemiological studies indicate protective effect of vitamin C against a variety of human malignancies its mechanism(s) of action is questionable. The presented results show that the part of its effect may be accomplished by mononuclear cells, as necessary participants in body defence. Namely, in a long-term in vitro assay we tested vitamin C influence on random migration ability of malignant pleural effusion mononuclears (PEM) obtained from breast cancer patients. Vitamin C in a dose- (50-500 micrograms) and time-dependent (4-44 h) manner inhibited PEM motility, suggesting that immobilization of cells in situ may contribute to its beneficial effect in human cancers.
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PMID:Vitamin C inhibits random migration of malignant pleural effusion mononuclear cells. 909 Apr 46

Tamoxifen, a non-steroidal antiestrogen, has been used in the hormonal treatment for breast cancer. The hepatic estrogenic effect of tamoxifen causes severe triglyceridemia. The combined effect of tamoxifen, vitamin C and vitamin E on plasma lipid and lipoprotein is important, since, vitamin C and vitamin E encumbered the lipid abnormalities instigated by tamoxifen. Therefore supplementation of vitamin C (Celin 500 mg) and vitamin E (Evion 400 mg) for 90 days along with tamoxifen (10 mg twice a day) to postmenopausal breast cancer patients was ventured. In tamoxifen-treated patients, total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), phospholipids (PL), free fatty acids (FFA), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels were decreased and the triglycerides (TG), ester cholesterol (EC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) levels were increased. Combination therapy reduce all the cholesterol level and VLDL, LDL. TG levels were significantly decreased and HDL, EC levels were significantly increased. These results suggested that tamoxifen treatment is the most effective during co-administration of vitamin C and vitamin E in that they reduce the tamoxifen-induced hypertriglyceridemia.
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PMID:Salubrious effect of vitamin C and vitamin E on tamoxifen-treated women in breast cancer with reference to plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. 1076 15

A series of seven cases are presented in which intravenous vitamin C has been used as antineoplastic agent in the treatment of different types of cancers. The cancers cases reviewed are the following: Renal cell carcinoma (2), Colorectal cancer (1), Pancreatic cancer (1), Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (2) and breast cancer (1). Toxic reactions were not observed at these high doses of intravenous Vitamin C. All patients were prescreened for Glucose 6--phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency before administering intravenous Vitamin C in order to prevent hemolysis.
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PMID:Intravenous vitamin C as a chemotherapy agent: a report on clinical cases. 1537 59

Hyperglycemia is commonly manifested in cancer patients. Although high intakes of sugar and refined carbohydrates and elevated blood glucose are strongly associated with the risk of cancer, much less is known about their effects on survival after cancer diagnosis. There is evidence that high carbohydrate intake is associated with poorer survival after diagnosis for early breast cancer. We measured glycated hemoglobin in a group of cancer patients (some with active disease and some in remission) and found a statistically significant lower average blood glucose in those in remission. Glycated hemoglobin provides an indication of average blood glucose over 2 to 3 months. The authors discuss lifestyle changes including diet and physical activity that can reduce average blood glucose. Ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation as an adjunct to cancer therapy is also considered. Furthermore, they present a biologically plausible explanation for how hyperglycemia can impair the actions of AA and damage immune effectiveness and hinder cancer survival. One mechanism is likely a reduction in intracellular AA; high intracellular levels of AA are necessary for optimal activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt. This metabolic pathway is important for maintaining proper cellular antioxidant status in immune cells including lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity.
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PMID:Controlling hyperglycemia as an adjunct to cancer therapy. 1569 75

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in causing mitochondrial changes linked to cancer and metastasis. Uptake of antioxidants by tissue to reduce the ROS production could be instrumental in controlling cancer. Tamoxifen (TAM), a nonsteroidal anti-estrogen drug most used in the chemotherapy and chemoprevention of breast cancer. Riboflavin, niacin and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) are proved to be potent antioxidants and protective agents against many diseases including cancer. The objective of this research is to determine the therapeutic efficacy of combinatorial therapy on mammary carcinoma bearing rats in terms of the mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status especially MnSOD. Female albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were selected for the investigation. Mammary carcinoma was induced with 7,12-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA: 25 mg), and the treatment was started by the oral administration of TAM (10 mg/kg body weight/day) along with riboflavin (45 mg/kg body weight/day), niacin (100 mg/kg body weight/day) and CoQ10 (40 mg/kg body weight/day) for 28 days. The levels of lipid peroxides, activities of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants were measured in the mitochondria isolated from the mammary gland and liver of control and experimental rats. Rats treated with DMBA showed an increase in mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (mammary gland 52.3%; liver 25.1%) accompanied by high malondialdehyde levels along with lowered activities of mitochondrial enzymic antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (mammary gland 19.9%; liver 24.8%), catalase (mammary gland 50%; liver 19.7%), glutathione peroxidase (mammary gland 47.8%; liver 31.1%)] and non-enzymic antioxidants [reduced glutathione (mammary gland 14.3%; liver 13.3%), Vitamin C (mammary gland 6.49%; liver 21.4%) and E (mammary gland 20.3%; liver 22.2%)]. Administration of combinatorial therapy restored lipid peroxide level and the activities of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants to near normalcy. In addition, antitumour activity was also found to be enhanced which is evident from the increased expression of tumour suppressor gene MnSOD thereby preventing cancer cell proliferation. These results suggested that TAM treatment is the most effective during co-administration of riboflavin, niacin and CoQ10 in terms of mitochondrial antioxidant and antitumour activity.
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PMID:Augmented efficacy of tamoxifen in rat breast tumorigenesis when gavaged along with riboflavin, niacin, and CoQ10: effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in mitochondria. 1576 22


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