Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since the introduction of bone scans in 1951, there have been many studies comparing biologic and physical characteristics of new bone-imaging agents and the results of scintigraphy and radiology in large numbers of patients. Relatively speaking, there have been fewer studies detailing the health benefits and financial cost associated with the use of skeletal scintigraphy. This review concerns these aspects in patients with malignancies of various sites and stages. About 2% of patients with stage I or II breast cancer have bone metastases at the time they first present, whereas nearly 28% of patients with stage III disease have bone metastases. A large percentage of patients with initially negative scans develop bone metastases during the first 3--4 yr; many of them develop them within the first 12--18 mo after initial diagnosis. For patients with lung cancer, the use of bone scans in staging their disease is somewhat controversial. Several studies indicate that the yield of positive bone scans may range from as low as 2% to as high as 35%. Data on the use of bone scans in staging prostatic cancer initially are similar to those in patients with breast cancer, that is, yields of 7% in patients with stage I or II disease and a yield of about 20% with stage III disease. Children with osteosarcoma or Ewing's sarcoma rarely have bone disease distant from the site of their primary bone lesion at presentation. However, a large percentage of them (30%--40% or so) develop bone metastases during the follow-up period. As in the case with patients with breast cancer, about half of these bone metastases are evident by 12--18 mo.
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PMID:Rationale for the use of bone scans in selected metastatic and primary bone tumors. 11 84

The complement-fixation-inhibition (CFI) test was evaluated as a means of detecting humoral antibodies in cat sera and in human sera to mammalian C-type RNA virus interspecies antigen(s). CFI antibody titers of greater than or equal 1:2 were detected in sera from all tumor bearing (23) and normal cats (23), however, sera from most germ free cats were negative. When the same cat sera were tested for blocking antibody by the paired radioiodine labeled antibody technique the correlation between the radioimmune assay and CFI tests was 85%. Sera from 378 cancer patients and 193 normal people were tested for antibodies to the mammalian oncornavirus interspecies-specific antigen in the CFI test. This test used a rabbit antiserum prepared toward a purified feline leukemia virus (FeLV) interspecies antigen. Disrupted Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RLV) was used as source of interspecies antigen in the CFI test. A significantly (P=0.01) higher number of reactions occurred with sera from patients with lymphosarcoma (70.4%), osteosarcoma (41.0%), reticulum cell sarcoma (56.7%), and rhabdomyosarcoma (31.8%) as opposed to sera from normal individuals (6.2%). Of 51 sera from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia 23.5% (P=0.05) were reactive. Of the sera from 88 breast cancer patients 22.7% reacted, as opposed to 7.8% of 116 normal females and 13.9% of 43 patients with benign breast disease. CFI antibody titers were shown to be dependent on RLV antigen concentration. Absorption with human A and B red blood cell (RBC) and Forssman antigen did not reduce the CFI titers in human sera whereas absorption with RLV reduced them significantly. By indirect radioimmunoelectrophoresis the antibody in selected human sera was shown to be an IgG.
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PMID:Complement-fixation-inhibition as a test for antibodies in cats and humans to C-type RNA tumor virus antigen. 16 19

Studies of multiple primary neoplasms and their relation to the nervous system should consider two important principles: 1) neoplasms of the nervous system have certain unusual features that distinguish them from tumors occurring elsewhere in the body; and 2) there is good evidence that the various histologic types of nervous system tumors should be regarded as separate diseases. The association of nervous system neoplasms and tumors of other sites may occur in patients with phacomatoses or particular genetic syndromes. In addition, certain nervous system neoplasms may be multicentric in origin. Retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma occur together in the same patient more often than expected by chance, as do meningioma and breast cancer. These relationships are important in that they serve to identify the high risk patient, may provide etiologic clues, may point to the presence of genetic syndromes, and may highlight sites in which subsequent tumors are most likely to develop.
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PMID:Multiple primary neoplasms and the nervous system. 40 81

Reviewing the treatment perspectives with chemo- and immunotherapy in carcinomas and sarcomas to be treated by general or orthopedic surgeons, the following indications are regarded as recommendable: Adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radiation in anal carcinoma and neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy of high-grade malignant osteosarcoma. Isolation perfusion currently is the treatment of choice in melanoma metastasis limited to an extremity. With several indications, recent developments have produced promising results that should be urgently confirmed in appropriate studies. Therefore the following studies have a high priority: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in esophageal carcinoma and in locally advanced breast and stomach cancer, adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in colon carcinoma UICC III and chemoradiation in rectal carcinoma UICC II and III, systemic chemotherapy of metastasized stomach-, colorectal-, breast cancer and sarcomas. Isolated non-resectable liver metastases of colorectal origin and hepatocellular carcinoma should be included in studies evaluating the treatment advantage of regional chemotherapy. Those malignant "surgical" tumors not listed above should receive chemotherapy within experimental studies, after consideration of individual risk factors, or no chemotherapy. Immunotherapy with its various modalities is still in the experimental stage.
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PMID:[What is confirmed in chemo- and immunotherapy of solid tumors. Standard protocols, studies and new developments]. 160 55

A 24-year-old patient who developed breast cancer 16 years after chemotherapy for osteosarcoma is presented. She had no family history of cancer. She had also not had radiotherapy. She had been given chemotherapy consisting of VAOMT (vincristine 10.2 mg, cyclophosphamide 900 mg, mitomycin C 15.2 mg, chromomycin A3 25.8 mg) pre- and post-operatively in the treatment of her osteosarcoma. Careful long-term follow-up is required after treatment of malignant neoplasms because there is a possibility of developing a second malignancy.
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PMID:Breast cancer developing after chemotherapy for osteosarcoma: a case report. 166 61

In addition to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma, mutation of both alleles of the RB1 gene occurs frequently in several other types of tumors. In order to evaluate the role of RB1 in cancer, the wild type RB1 gene was introduced into the RB1-deleted breast cancer cell line MDA-468-S4 and retinoblastoma cell lines WERI-Rb1 and Y-79. The RB1 complementary DNA was under control of the inducible murine metallothionein promoter in MDA-468-S4 and the thymidine kinase promoter in the retinoblastoma lines. The protein, p110RB1, produced from the exogenously introduced gene appeared normal by immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis, and nuclear localization and also showed normal cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and an ability to bind to E1a protein. No changes in growth rate or morphology were observed in either of the reconstituted cell types. Expression of p110RB1 in MDA-468-S4 did not affect anchorage-independent growth when measured by colony formation in soft agar. Although the ability of WERI-Rb1 cells expressing p110RB1 to form colonies in methylcellulose was reduced, the reconstituted retinoblastoma cell lines formed intraocular tumors in immunodeficient mice with the same efficiency as the RB1-negative parent cell lines and the tumors produced by the RB1-reconstituted cells continued to express p110RB1. These experimental results suggest that the malignant phenotype is little affected by the replacement of p110RB1 and that RB1 is a relatively weak tumor suppressor gene.
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PMID:Failure of RB1 to reverse the malignant phenotype of human tumor cell lines. 173 54

The presence and functions of steroid receptors were evaluated in three human osteosarcoma cell lines (OS1 = SA OS; OS2 = HOS TE 85, and OS3 = MNNG HOS TE 85). The human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was used as internal control for oestrogen receptors (E2R). High and low affinity sites were characterised. The high affinity sites had a similar dissociation constant in all four cell lines. In contrast, the number of sites per cell was higher in MCF-7 cells. E2 did not significantly modify the number of progesterone receptors (PgR) per cell in any of the osteosarcoma lines. As expected, E2 increased the number of PgR sites per MCF-7 cell. 4-hydroxytamoxifen decreased the growth of MCF-7 cells only. OS1 and OS2 were sensitive only to the highest concentration tested, which produces only non-specific cytotoxic effects. Thus E2R and PgR were found in osteoblast-like cells, but the function of E2R in such cells remains unknown.
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PMID:Steroid receptors in human osteoblast-like cells. 214 99

The effective treatment of systemic cancer began in the 1950s on two fronts, i.e., childhood leukemia and choriocarcinoma. These two diseases were successfully treated as a direct result of the use of antifolate methotrexate. The demonstration of complete durable remissions in these diseases quickly led to development of other anticancer drugs, tested using the prospective clinical trials. In the 1960s as the number of active drugs increased, combination chemotherapy was introduced. Other systemic cancers, such as Hodgkin's, large cell lymphoma, and testicular cancer, became curable in the 1970s. For the common low-growth fraction solid tumors, the curability of systemic disease remained elusive until the introduction of adjuvant therapy to treat micrometastases. The past decade of the 1980s has seen improvement in the outcomes for breast cancer, osteosarcoma, and possible colon cancer utilizing adjunctive chemotherapy. The 1980s also saw the introduction of biologic therapies that have further improved the outcomes of several leukemias and produced consistent responses in patients with renal cell and melanoma. The 1990s will undoubtedly see more improvements as the effects of current drugs will be enhanced not only by improved integration of systemic and local therapies but also by utilizing cytokines and biologic response modifiers in concert with cytotoxics. Moreover, as we understand more about the process of cancer induction, promotion, and progression, more specific anti-cancer approaches will be developed to control cancer even before clinical cancer is diagnosed. Underlying and facilitating the improvement in cancer therapy have been not only the experimental results of many laboratory scientists but also the outcomes from many controlled clinical trials, the laboratory of clinical scientists.
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PMID:Progress in the systemic treatment of cancer. Concepts, trials, drugs, and biologics. 230 52

Pulmonary resection for metastatic disease in 341 patients resulted in a cumulative survival rate of 36.6% at 5 years and 26.6% at 10 years with an operative mortality of 0.9%. 5-year survival rate was 44.3% in colorectal carcinoma (n = 85), 36.2% in cervical cancer of uterus (n = 35), 40.6% in renal cell carcinoma (n = 32), 50.3% in breast cancer (n = 23), 50.0% in testicular cancer (n = 16), 17.9% in osteosarcoma (n = 33), 34.1% in soft part sarcoma (n = 38). The patients with resected metastatic pulmonary lesions from colorectal and renal cancer showed a good 5-year survival, and then the survival decreased gradually. On the other hand, the survival for testicular and breast cancer, osteosarcoma and soft part sarcoma decreased rapidly in the first 2 to 3 years, but a plateau was reached. Each primary malignancy should be analyzed individually because of the differences of their biologic behaviors. Significant factors influencing survival were (1) patients selection for pulmonary resection, (2) the biologic growth rate of each primary malignancies, and (3) effectiveness of chemotherapy for primary malignancies. Presumably, a good 5-year survival rate after thoracotomy would be a reflection of a length bias, caused by the biologic behavior of the metastatic pulmonary disease. The true benefit for the surgical approaches to metastatic neoplasm of the lung are still controversial.
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PMID:[Surgical resection of metastatic neoplasms of the lung]. 234 92

In this immunocytochemical study we have probed a number of human bone cell types and bone preparations for the presence of the estrogen receptor (ER) with two distinct monoclonal antibodies. Using a well-validated antibody (H222) that recognizes human ER and standard peroxidase-antiperoxidase methodology, we were unable to demonstrate nuclear staining for ER in cultured primary or transformed human bone-derived cells or in fetal bone sections. Attempts to visualize ER in osteosarcoma cell lines (TE85C and HTB96) using a silver enhancement procedure were also unsuccessful. Additionally, we failed to detect immunocytochemical staining for the progesterone receptor (using monoclonal antibody mPR1) in control or estrogen-treated human bone cell cultures. Estrogen and progesterone receptor staining was readily detectable in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. In contrast, with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a 29 kDa cytoplasmic component (p29) closely related to human ER, we observed specific staining in all the osteoblastlike cells studied. Cytoplasmic staining for this p29 antigen was most intense in primary cultures of human bone-derived cells. It is possible that the relatively abundant but as yet undefined p29 antigen may act as a sensitive marker for the presence of ER in cells at levels below the detection limit of the anti-ER monoclonal antibody. If so, our results are consistent with the presence of ER in osteoblastlike cells at very low concentrations.
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PMID:Estrogen receptors and human bone cells: immunocytochemical studies. 247 30


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