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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For the discovery of minimal breast cancer with mammography, photos under appropriate conditions are required, and for the abnormal shadows in the breast, detailed readings of the shadows and photos on the spot under the sufficient pressure over the breast enable us to draw clearer pictures. It is desirable to examine micro-calcification to perform accurate biopsy and histopathology; with serial section of the specimen. Furthermore, it has become important for the diagnosis of lesion with galactography for nipple discharge to detect early breast cancer. Henceforth, the role of mammography among all graphic diagnosis will become greater for the discovery of early breast cancer.
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PMID:[Mammographic detection of early breast cancer]. 317 95

Eight cases of primary Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of the breast are reported. Almost all presented as a painless movable mass without nipple retraction, edema in the overlying skin, satellite skin nodules or bloody nipple discharge. Most of the cases belonged to B cell lymphoma. Wide local excision or simple mastectomy combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy were adopted in the treatment of these patients. The average survival was 28 months. Since prognosis of NHL is worse than that of breast carcinoma and is easily misdiagnosed as breast cancer, it is important to take vigilance in the differential diagnosis.
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PMID:[Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast--report of 8 cases]. 320 54

The authors report on a series of 529 consecutive patients examined on physical examination, mammography, nipple discharge cytology and galactography. The criterion for galactography was essentially bloody nipple discharge (73% of cases). Serous nipple discharge was not considered worthy of routine galactography since it is associated with an extremely low incidence of breast cancer. Surgical excision and histologic examination of the discharging duct was performed in 200 cases. Eighteen cases of breast cancer were detected (10 infiltrating, 8 intraductal) of which 9, 6, 7 or 7 were suspected on physical examination, mammography, cytology or galactography, respectively. All combined tests suspected 13 of 18 breast cancers; 3 intraductal breast cancers were biopsied because of evidence of multiple papillomas on galactography, and 2 infiltrating breast cancers were operated because of persistent bloody nipple discharge in the absence of any other sign. No breast cancer was suspected on galactography alone. Galactography is indicated in the presence of bloody nipple discharge, and a biopsy should be performed when breast cancer or multiple papillomas are suspected. The diagnosis and excision of a single papilloma (breast cancer was never misdiagnosed as a single papilloma on galactography) is not worthwhile since a single papilloma is a benign lesion, and the benefit of its excision is still unclear.
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PMID:The role of galactography in the detection of breast cancer. 336 72

The cytodiagnostic significance of the clinical patterns (types and sites) of nipple discharges was studied in 5,305 cytologically examined discharges from 3,687 women in a consecutive series of 50,181 self-referred women in whom 1,062 breast cancers were detected. The clinical patterns were correlated with cytologic and histologic results in both the whole series and in 119 biopsied cases, and the relative risk of association with breast cancer was calculated for each pattern. As a whole, aside from the pattern, cases with nipple discharges showed a higher relative risk (48.5) than did asymptomatic cases, but a bloody nipple discharge was by far more frequently associated with cancer than was any other pattern, being present in 70% of the cancer cases and in almost all cancer cases with suspicious cytologic findings in the discharge smear. The presence of a nipple discharge, being associated with a higher risk of breast cancer, is an indication for a careful physical examination; systematic cytologic examination should be limited only to bloody discharges. Since cancer is rare in cases with nonbloody discharges and is difficult to detect in cytologic smears of such discharges, systematic cytologic examination of all nipple discharges would not be cost-effective.
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PMID:Significance of nipple discharge clinical patterns in the selection of cases for cytologic examination. 345 80

Since 1977 mass screening for breast cancer has been conducted in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The main activities involve itinerant screening in the communities and group screening at the workplaces. In addition to the above two screenings, examinations were also carried out at a Detection Center. The total number of examinees was 94,593. Breast cancer was detected in 116 subjects (0.12%) during mass screening. In contrast, the rate was 3.1% at the Center examination. Early cancer was more frequently detected during mass screening. The cytologic studies of nipple discharge was performed in 14,314 subjects (15.3%). Positive findings were seen in five (0.005%). In the high risk group, the detection rate (0.35%) was higher than that (0.12%) among general examinees. The higher detection rate in the high risk group may have been due to both the high frequency of breast cancer and the detection of nonpalpable breast cancer by mammography.
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PMID:Trial of early detection for breast cancer by itinerant mass screening. 356 19

The present investigation was undertaken to study the laterality of breast tumors on the basis of the Estonian Cancer Registry data for the period of 1968-1981 and special breast screening data for 1974-1983. The ratio of the patients with the left- and right-sided disease was 1.12 (p less than 0.001) for breast cancer, 1.75 (p less than 0.001)--for fibroadenomatosis of the mammary gland, and 1.43 (p less than 0.001)--for mastodynia. Left-sided carcinoma was more common in patients with left nipple discharge which was accompanied by "early menarche" more often than discharge from the right nipple (p less than 0.05). There was no significant difference in the patients' survival versus the laterality of breast cancer.
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PMID:[Prevalence of tumors in the left breast]. 359 Jun 67

To assess the usefulness of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) estimation in nipple discharge for the detection of nonpalpable breast cancer, CEA activity in nipple discharge was measured by enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibody. The specificity of the antibody for breast cancer was assessed by an immunohistochemical method. Mean CEA levels in the nipple discharge from 18 patients with benign breast diseases (ten intraductal papilloma; eight fibrocystic disease) was 43 ng/ml (SD, 34 ng/ml), suggesting an upper reference limit of 100 ng/ml. Six of seven nonpalpable breast cancer patients had higher CEA levels than this tentative cutoff value, as did three of five patients with borderline lesions. The incidence of elevated CEA levels in nipple discharge correlated significantly with the incidence of intratumoral antigen expression. These results lead us to conclude that CEA measurement in nipple discharge may be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of nonpalpable breast cancer.
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PMID:Carcinoembryonic antigen estimation in nipple discharge as an adjunctive tool in the diagnosis of early breast cancer. 367 24

100 Nigerian women were entered into a prospective study of spontaneous occurring nipple discharge over a seven year period. The patients consisted of 25 study group patients and three groups of 25 patients comprising the controls. In the study group, seven types of nipple discharge were identified, namely: bloody (40%), watery (4%), and milky (4%). Intraductal papilloma and other benign breast disease were the cause of nipple discharge in 23 of 25 (88%) study group patients. Only 28% of breast cancer patients in control group A, 16% of bloody or serosanguineous and 16% of benign breast tumor patients of control group B presented with nipple discharge. Nipple discharge was an incidental finding in 16% of normal control group C patients. Thus Nigerian women are more likely to seek medical intervention for bloody and serosanguineous discharge. Surgical management remains the optimal management for nipple discharge.
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PMID:Nonpuerperal nipple discharge in Nigerian women. 381 Aug 44

Since 1977, mass screening for breast cancer has been conducted in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The main activities consist of itinerant screening in the communities and group screening at the workplace. In addition, examinations were also carried out at a detection center. The total number of subjects examined was 90,076 in mass screening, with 4172 (4.6%) of them requiring a second examination. The overall breast cancer detection rate was 0.12% in the mass screening. In contrast, it was 3.1% at the center examination. Cytologic studies of nipple discharge were performed on 31,833 subjects. Positive findings were seen in 4 (0.004%). The incidence of smaller tumors was higher and that of nodal metastasis was lower in subsequent examinations than in the initial screening. In the high-risk group, who also underwent mammography at first screening, the detection rate was higher than that among general subjects examined.
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PMID:Trial of early detection of breast cancer by mass screening. 389 58

In a review of 249 office patients who complained of nipple discharge, breast nodularity and duct ectasia was the cause in three quarters. The clinical diagnosis was made by observing that more than one duct was involved and by the color of the discharge. On average, the patients were 10 years younger than those with cysts and 20 years younger than those with carcinoma. In half, the discharge could persist or recur for months or years. Nipple discharge was not commonly associated with carcinoma, and when it was, the carcinoma was almost always palpable. Nipple discharge, including bloody discharge, should be regarded as a sign of a benign breast disorder, not of breast cancer. Duct papillomas can be recognized by exploring the single profusely discharging duct, regardless of the color of the discharge. Other than patients with an obvious lump, the only patients who require surgical exploration are those with a single profusely discharging duct, not because cancer is a significant possibility but merely to rid the patient of the nuisance of the continuing discharge from a duct papilloma. Of 249 patients with nipple discharge, breast nodularity and duct ectasia was the cause in 75 percent. The median age of these patients was the mid 30s. The discharge was chronic or recurring in half. Only 4 percent of all the patients with nipple discharge had an associated breast cancer. When cancer was present, an obvious lump was usually palpable. Bloody discharge was much more likely to be associated with benign breast disorders than cancer. A single profusely discharging duct should be explored regardless of the discharge color because of the likelihood of finding a duct papilloma.
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PMID:Management of nipple discharge by clinical findings. 404 Mar 31


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