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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The case of a 57-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer is reported. She presented 10 years later with virilization. Stroma cell hyperplasia was present in the metastatic ovaries. The authors describe hormonal data and discuss the pathogenesis of the stromal activity. Mammary ovarian metastases associated with stroma cell hyperplasia, in the absence of pregnancy, that cause virilization are rare.
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PMID:Mammary ovarian metastases with stroma cell hyperplasia and postmenopausal virilization. 240 Sep 72

A prospective randomized trial of tamoxifen and fluoxymesterone versus tamoxifen and danazol in metastatic breast cancer was conducted from December 1980 to September 1985. Patients were eligible regardless of site of disease, estrogen receptor status, or age. Sixty-two of sixty-three randomized patients were evaluable for response. Overall response for tamoxifen and fluoxymesterone was 11% with 61% stabilization of disease, versus 12% response rate for tamoxifen and danazol with 59% stabilization. Toxicities with tamoxifen and fluoxymesterone were greater with an increase in masculinization. We conclude that the response rates to the combinations of tamoxifen and fluoxymesterone or tamoxifen and danazol reported are equivalent in this study but that the increased toxicity with tamoxifen and fluoxymesterone would make tamoxifen and danazol the treatment of choice if a combination were to be used.
Breast Cancer Res Treat 1988 Sep
PMID:Tamoxifen and fluoxymesterone versus tamoxifen and danazol in metastatic breast cancer--a randomized study. 305 38

Since 1980 we have been carrying out a prospective randomized trial comparing tamoxifen with the combination of tamoxifen plus nandrolone decanoate in advanced breast cancer. The tamoxifen dose is 30 mg daily and the nandrolone decanoate dose 100 mg i.m. once a week for four weeks and thereafter every other week. 98 post-menopausal patients have been evaluated for the response. The number of patients is 49 in both groups. The overall response rates (CR + PR) to tamoxifen and tamoxifen plus nandrolone decanoate were not significantly different; in the tamoxifen group the response rate was 49% and in the combination group 45%. The mean time to progression in tamoxifen group is over 13 months and in tamoxifen plus nandrolone decanoate group over 12 months. Our results do not suggest a synergistic effect from combining tamoxifen and nandrolone decanoate treatments. The response rates to tamoxifen at different sites of metastases were as follows: bones 47%, soft tissues 56%, and viscera 48%. The respective figures with the combination therapy were 36%, 64%, and 40%. Both treatments were well tolerated and in no patient was withdrawal of the therapy necessary. Mild virilization and hoarseness were experienced by all patients treated with nandrolone decanoate. Side-effects associated with tamoxifen were rare, although five patients experienced nausea and two had hot flushes.
Breast Cancer Res Treat 1985
PMID:Nandrolone decanoate added to tamoxifen in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. 397 49

The synthetic non-steroidal antioestrogen nafoxidine (U-11, 100A) was given by mouth to 52 women with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer, in 85% of whom the disease had become resistant to, or relapsed after, previous endocrine treatment. The objective response rate (complete or partial regression of disease) among 48 cases treated for at least four weeks was 37%. Tumours in soft tissue seemed to respond better than skeletal metastases. The patients in all but one of the 52 cases were postmenopausal. Those who had had an objective response to previous hormone treatment had a greater chance of deriving benefit from nafoxidine than those who had been resistant to hormone treatment.Side effects of nafoxidine were dryness of skin, increased loss of scalp hair, and heightened sensitivity to sunlight. None were serious, and they could be lessened by protection from solar radiation or a decrease in dosage. No obvious depression of thyroid or adrenal function or obvious water retention or masculinization was seen. Cataract was a possible complication.This clinical trial was preceded by laboratory studies in which a transplantable oestrogen-dependent tumour in the Syrian hamster was notably inhibited by the administration of nafoxidine. This experimental model may prove useful in screening potentially useful antioestrogenic agents against breast cancer before a human trial.
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PMID:Antioestrogens in treatment of breast cancer: value of nafoxidine in 52 advanced cases. 436 55

Additive endocrine therapy of breast cancer was first initiated by androgen treatment through intramuscular administration which proved to be effective in about 25% of trial cases. It was followed by another trial of massive administration of estrogens mainly to patients of more than 60 years of age, and this showed a similar efficacy. Under these circumstances, additive endocrine therapy's position was established as a special therapy for advanced breast cancer. Breast cancer patients have a considerably longer period of progress after disease recurrence than in other types of cancer, so oral androgens were developed for treating recurrent breast cancer patients at home. However, the side effects of androgens (e.g., virilization, hepatic disorders) presented problems with Long-term administration. Since then more androgens with less side effects have been developed which have contributed to the remarkable progress of androgen therapy. On the other hand, recently an anti-estrogen was found which specifically antagonizes estrogen and has few side effects. Additive endocrine therapy's reputation has improved with the emergence of this anti-estrogen agent. Another study has also been started on a progesterone agent which is completely different from conventional sex hormone agents. Anti-estrogen agent is widely accepted for post-operative adjuvant endocrine therapy of breast cancer taking over as the conventional post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy, and also as a partner of chemo-endocrine therapy.
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PMID:[Internal endocrine therapy of breast cancer]. 637 98

Two cases of primary advanced breast cancer and 4 cases of recurrent breast cancer were treated with cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin and FT-207 combined with hormone therapy. Adriamycin (20 mg) was injected twice a week, and an intravenous drip infusion of cyclophosphamide 150 mg), and FT-207 (400 mg) was administered daily for 3 weeks. Oophorectomy was performed in 4 cases and combination administration of tamoxifen and calcitonin was continued. CR was achieved in one of the primary cases, PR was obtained in 4 cases but one patient with pulmonary metastasis died without showing any clinical response. All cases with bone metastasis responded well. Leucopenia, alopecia, nausea and masculinization were easily controlled. No cardiac toxicity was observed.
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PMID:[Effect of CAF'-endocrine therapy on advanced and recurrent breast cancer]. 654 92

Long-term corticosteroid therapy is the most frequent and most severe cause of iatrogenic osteoporosis. Hypocalcaemia, subsequent to the induced negative calcium balance, may lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Corticosteroids also affect bone itself, probably by disrupting the production of growth factors. Bone resorption increases and bone formation decreases leading to a reduction in total bone mass. The relative immobilization resulting from the corticoid-induced myopathy or the underlying disease may accelerate the process. On the average, after one year of treatment, 5% of the bone mass is lost, and loss may reach as much as 10 to 30% at certain sites. Nearly 40% of all subjects on long-term corticosteroids suffer fractures. Other iatrogenic causes include anticonvulants which perturb phosphocalcium metabolism, 1-thyroxin which leads to bone loss when administered for hormone substitution, gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists which inhibit the hypophyseal-ovarian axis, tamoxifen (used in the treatment of breast cancer) which has an oestrogen-like effect, and other circumstances such as chemotherapy and long-term heparin. The gravity of iatrogenic osteroporosis thus requires preventive measures. Calcium and vitamin D supplements can compensate for impaired intestinal absorption of calcium but have no effect on bone density. One-alpha hydroxyl derivatives have been suggested but their effect remains controversial. Calcitriol can prevent bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae but hypercalcaemia occurs in one-fourth of the cases, limiting its use. Recent reports have shown that anti-oestroclastic agents may be useful. Nandrolone decaonate would have a favourable effect on bone loss but also causes virilization. In patent osteoporosis, fluorine can be combined with calcium resulting in increased lumbar bone density. Calcitonin and calcium can also be combined to induce a rise in bone density. The long-term effects of these treatments in terms of reduced fracture risk remain to be determined. A better understanding of the adverse effects of the different classes of corticosteroids is essential for optimal treatment. In cases requiring long-term therapy implicating the risk of iatrogenic osteoporosis, bone density quantitation can be a valuable means of evaluating bone loss, and of adapting preventive or corrective measures.
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PMID:[Iatrogenic demineralizing osteopathies]. 820 75

A patient is described who was treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer and developed an androgen-producing ovarian tumor of low malignant potential, which itself is a rare condition. Clinically overt virilism was leading to the diagnosis and promptly improved after surgical removal of the tumor. A causal relationship between tamoxifen use and the tumor is discussed on the basis of the known tumor-inducing potential of tamoxifen.
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PMID:Virilizing ovarian tumor of low malignant potential associated with antecedent tamoxifen use for breast cancer. 957 Sep 83

A persistent view of testosterone as the "male hormone" deprives many clinically androgen deficient women of effective treatment, although data from the 1960s to the present have indicted the importance of androgens to libido and feelings of well-being in women, providing relief from vasomotor symptoms that are unresponsive to estrogen alone. The safety of androgen replacement therapy is reviewed in this article. The risk of androgen toxicity is influenced by dosage and route of administration. Most products developed for use in men produce androgen levels that are too high for safety in women. Low-dose androgen replacement therapy as used in women, 1.25 mg esterified estrogen (EE) + 2.5 mg methyltestosterone (MT), or a half-strength preparation, 0.625 mg EE plus 1.25 mg MT, is unlikely to produce commonly described side effects: liver dysfunction, adverse lipid effects or virilization, as reviewed in this article. The potential for adverse endometrial effects if used by women with uteri unless a progestogen is used is also discussed. Low-dose estrogen/androgen therapy offers beneficial cardiovascular effects, primarily regarding lipids, atherogenesis and vasodilation. Androgens may act independently on the cardiovascular system and may be mediated by estrogen metabolites (aromatization products) or by secondary effects of androgens on estrogen bioavailability and metabolism (sex hormone binding globulin [SHBG] effects). They may improve vasomotor stability and reduce triglyceride (TG) levels. The marked reduction in TG in the estrogen/androgen (E/A) regimen is of note because women who experience oophorectomy have significantly increased levels of TG as compared with women who are naturally menopausal. Androgens offer positive effects on bone. Various types of studies--including cell culture, preclinical and observational--have attempted to document potential associations between androgens and breast cancer. Androgen administration has been shown to induce down-regulation of mammary epithelial proliferation and estrogen receptor expression, suggesting that E/A therapy might reduce the risk of breast cancer associated with ERT. However, studies of the relation of breast cancer to elevated circulating androgen levels have yielded inconsistent results. Testosterone may have an indirect effect on breast cancer risk because of its association with estrogen levels. Testosterone's effect on estrogen bioavailability may be of importance since an increase in serum testosterone levels could lead to a decrease in the percent of estradiol bound to SHBG. For the surgically menopausal woman faced with significant symptoms and health risks associated with estrogen withdrawal, E/A supplementation offers a reasonable course of treatment.
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PMID:Safety of estrogen/androgen regimens. 1130 76

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency results in excessive androgen exposure in the gestational period and various degrees of masculinization of the external genitalia in female foetuses. Intrauterine gonadal steroids are not only essential for the development of the genital organs but also affect some other extragenital organ development. The second to fourth digit (2D/4D) ratio shows a sexually dimorphic pattern with longer fourth digit from second digit in men compared to women. A low 2D/4D ratio is associated with high sperm count, testosterone levels and reproductive success in men. A high 2D/4D ratio is associated with high oestrogen levels in women. Second and fourth digit ratio has also found to be correlated with sexual orientation, left hand preference autism and some adult onset diseases such as breast cancer and myocardial infarction. We found lower 2D/4D ratio in female patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency compared to healthy girls (p=0.000) and equal 2D/4D ratio for female patients when compared to male controls. Male patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency had significantly lower 2D/4D ratio than female and male controls in the right hand. Healthy boys had lower 2D/4D ratio than healthy girls. It is concluded that 2D/4D ratio established by intrauterine androgen levels influences the sexually dimorphic digit pattern.
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PMID:The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. 1244 Dec 4


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