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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study describes the patterns of cervical and breast cancer among pregnant mothers who were treated at the NN Petrov Institute of Oncology in Russia during 1960-94. The sample included 476 patients admitted with invasive cervical cancer that was diagnosed during pregnancy or after birth or abortion. Findings were compared to a control group of 640 invasive cervical cancer patients and 240 breast cancer patients of reproductive age. 95.3% of cancers were malignant. 60.9% were tumors of the cervix, breast, and ovaries. The percentage of cervical cancer cases was 23.5% of reproductive age women. In 69% of the cervical cancer patients, the depth of tumor growth into the stroma exceeded 1 cm compared to only 32% in the control group. Cervical stage I cancer during pregnancy spread to the regional lymph nodes twice as frequently as in the control group. Lymphatic metastases were greatest in patients with regional metastases during the second and third trimester or after birth. 21.4% of pregnant patients and 15.5% of nonpregnant patients had stage III cervical cancer. 5-year survival rates after prompt treatment was 58.4% compared to 78.8% for controls. 2% of breast cancer patients were pregnant at the time of diagnosis, and most had the lobular form. Regional metastases were 1.5-2.0 times higher for breast cancer cases diagnosed during pregnancy compared to nonpregnant cases. The cancers diagnosed in the last two trimesters or during breast feeding tend to be aggravated. The 5-year survival rate is poor. The prognosis for the fetus is better if diagnosed in the third trimester, but better for the mother if diagnosed in the first trimester. Pregnancy does not increase the risk of malignant tumors and is not likely to accelerate tumor growth. IUD contraception should be used by breast cancer patients post-treatment. Cervical cancer patients should begin contraceptive use about 2 years after favorable prognosis.
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PMID:Fertility, pregnancy and cancer. 922 28

We investigated cancer incidence between 1958 and 1995 in 1873 individuals belonging to 29 consecutively identified BRCA1 and 20 BRCA2 associated families from Southern Sweden using data from parish and local tax authorities, as well as the Swedish Cancer Registry, Cause of Death Registry and Census Registry. 150 malignant tumours were analysed from 1145 relatives in the BRCA1 families and 87 tumours were analysed from 728 relatives in the BRCA2 families. After excluding index cases which led to the mutation analysis, the incidence for all malignant tumours was significantly increased for both BRCA1- standardised morbidity rate, SMR, 1.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.59-2.45; P < 0.0001 and BRCA2- (SMR 1.79, 95% CI 1.35-2.31; P < 0.0001) associated family members. For women in BRCA1-associated families, the incidence of breast cancer (SMR 3.76, 95% CI 2.29-5.80, P < 0.0001), ovarian cancer (SMR 15.49, 95% CI 9.46-23.92, P < 0.0001), stomach cancer (SMR 5.86, 95% CI 1.60-15.01, P = 0.005) were significantly increased. Amongst men only invasive squamous cell cancer of the skin was significantly increased (SMR 6.02, 95% CI 1.96-14.05, P = 0.002). In BRCA2 associated families, female breast cancer (SMR 3.03, 95% CI 1.61-5.18, P = 0.0005) was increased after exclusion of index cases. If these were included, ovarian cancer (SMR 5.16, 95% CI 1.89-11.24, P = 0.001), invasive cervical cancer (SMR 4.21, 95% CI 1.15-10.79, P = 0.016), male breast cancer (SMR 290.52, 95% CI 125.42-572.43, P < 0.0001), and prostate cancer (SMR 2.21, 95% CI 0.89-4.56, P = 0.042) were significantly increased. The increased risk for ovarian cancer in BRCA2 related families were limited to the cases leading to mutation analysis. Our data suggest that apart from breast and ovarian cancer, the incidence of other cancer types do not appear to be greatly increased in BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated families and does not warrant specific clinical follow-up in carriers.
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PMID:Incidence of malignant tumours in relatives of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation carriers. 1061 37

Cervical cancer is one of the target cancers covered by the statutory German cancer screening programme which was introduced in West Germany in 1971 and expanded to the eastern part of the country in 1991. Women covered by statutory health insurance (over 90% of the female population) are eligible to receive an annual cervical examination including a Papanicolaou (PAP) smear beginning at age 20 years. Annual uptake currently slightly exceeds 50% of the eligible population. Shortly after implementation of the national screening programme in the early 1970s the incidence of invasive cervical cancer decreased moderately and the incidence of cervical carcinoma in situ increased substantially in the state of Saarland. These observations would be expected as a result of a cervical cancer screening programme with substantial uptake. Although quality assurance guidelines for cervical cancer screening have been adopted and updated since the inception of the screening programme, only minor changes have been made in the cross-sectional programme documentation. Implementation of population-based documentation and evaluation of screening activities is currently being developed for the German cancer screening programme in pilot studies implementing the European guidelines on the quality assurance of mammography screening. After demonstration of feasibility and effectiveness, improvements in the quality management of breast cancer screening will subsequently be applied to the cervical cancer screening programme.
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PMID:Cervical cancer screening in Germany. 1107 8

Fertility and gynaecological malignancies have an important relationship. A clear inverse relationship exists between family size and the incidence of ovarian and endometrial cancer. Current methods of fertility control have an influence on subsequent development of various gynaecological malignancies. A slightly increased risk of breast cancer has been reported in current users and those who had used hormonal contraceptives (OCs) within 10 years; this risk declined with time and disappeared after 10 years. Women who started OC before age 20 had a higher relative risk; the disease did not spread beyond the breast in the majority. Most studies found OC to reduce the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer. The relative risks of squamous cell carcinoma and adenomatous carcinoma of the cervix have been reported to be 1.3 and 1.5, respectively in ever-users of OCs; however, the aetiology of cervical cancer is multifactoral. Several reports suggest the beneficial effect of tubal ligation and breast feeding in reducing the risk of ovarian cancer. Therapy of gynaecological malignancies may have an influence on subsequent fertility. Amenorrhoea developing after treatment of hydatidiform mole may be due to choriocarcinoma, recurrent mole or a normal pregnancy. Choriocarcinoma can also develop after a partial mole. The risk of fetal teratogenicity from chemotherapy is present only if conception occurs during or immediately following the treatment cycles. Fertility is not impaired following chemotherapy. Successful pregnancies have occurred in women who have had widespread GTD including cerebral metastases. In the young patient with gynaecological malignancy preservation of fertility is possible. Fertility-sparing surgery may be safe in early ovarian epithelial cancers and even in advanced germ cell tumours. Recently, the fertility-sparing surgery of radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy has been carried out for early invasive cervical cancer in young women. Gynaecological cancer occurring in pregnancy is uncommon; it presents the clinician with a difficult situation to manage. In most instances the cancer is treated as though the patient is not pregnant; the timing and mode of delivery needs individualization. The overall prognosis for breast cancer complicating pregnancy is poor. Survival in cervical cancers diagnosed antepartum is similar to the non-pregnant patient. Ovarian cancer in pregnancy has a good prognosis because of the early stage at diagnosis.
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PMID:Chien-Tien Hsu Memorial Lecture. Fertility and gynaecologic malignancies. 1133 Jul 24

It is only recently that folate deficiency has been implicated in the development of cancer. The mechanisms by which folate might protect against cancer are not clear but may relate to its role in DNA methylation and DNA synthesis. All case-control, cohort and intervention trials reported in English, French, or German, on folate intake or blood levels in relation to the risk of colorectal, breast, and cervix cancer were reviewed. Twenty case-control, and 12 nested case-control or cohort studies were identified. The epidemiological studies consistently show an inverse association between intake and/or levels of folate and the frequency of colorectal carcinomas, and less clearly of adenomas. Long-term use of supplements of folate seems to be of greater benefit than dietary intake. The effect of folate seems to be modulated by alcohol, methionine, and MTHFR polymorphisms. Results from animal studies suggest that folate supplementation might decrease or increase cancer risk depending on dosage and timing. Recent studies also suggest an inverse association between folate intake and breast cancer among women who regularly consume alcohol. Conversely, epidemiological evidence remains uncertain for the role of folate in cervical cancer prevention; the results of two intervention trials on rates of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia regression or progression were negative. An effect of folate later in carcinogenesis is not supported by the few (nested) case-control studies on invasive cervical cancer. Some of the conflicting results may be due to the fact that dietary intake or blood levels of folate do not accurately reflect folate concentrations in the cells of cancer origin. Furthermore, only a few studies have taken into account the modulating effect of alcohol, methionine, and MTHFR polymorphisms in their analyses. The observed inverse associations between folate and risk of cancer, on the other hand, may be confounded by various factors, especially by other potentially protective constituents in fruits and vegetables. Ongoing intervention studies can strengthen evidence for causality by excluding such confounding, but the optimal dose, duration, and stage of carcinogenesis and the appropriate (genetically predisposed) study group for folate chemoprevention are not yet defined.
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PMID:Folate and the risk of colorectal, breast and cervix cancer: the epidemiological evidence. 1175 74

The risk of breast cancer is increased by an early menarche, late age at 1st birth, and by a late menopause which implicates ovarian steroids in the initiation or promotion of breast cancer, as some breast cancers are estrogen dependent. A study from the Centers for Disease Control found no association between breast carcinoma and duration of combined oral contraceptive (COC) use. A recent analysis of 27 reports published between 1980 and 1990 suggests that the risk of breast cancer may be slightly increased in younger, nulliparous women who have used the older, higher dose COCs for more than 8 years. The ever-decreasing doses of estrogen and progestogen cause confusion regarding COCs and the risk of breast cancer. Of 15 major publications, 8 have identified no increased risk of cervical neoplasia and 7 have found significant increased risk. The Oxford Family Planning Association Study showed that both cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cervical carcinoma occurred more frequently in the oral contraceptive group related to the duration of use. The Royal College of General Practitioners' Study showed that women taking the COC for more than 10 years had an increased risk of cervical cancer. With the effects of sexual activity controlled, COC users had no increased risk of invasive cervical cancer, however, they had an increased risk of CIN. A reduction in risk of endometrial cancer (an estrogen-dependent tumor) by 20%, 40%, and 60% after COC pill use containing potent progestogens for 1, 2, and 4 or more years has been reported. Several studies confirm the protective effect of COCs against the risk of ovarian cancer. Hepatocellular carcinomas seem to occur more frequently in COC users than in nonusers. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate has been implicated in causing breast tumors, but it was successful in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma. There is some evidence that the risk of CIN may be increased with COC use, but the risk of breast cancer is still no clear.
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PMID:Contraception and the big "C". 1234 24

Even though a malignant tumor during pregnancy is very rare it occurs in 0.02-0.1%. With the tendency in society to postpone childbirth to an older age, there will be more cancers diagnosed during pregnancy. The coincidence of malignant disease with pregnancy leads to an enormous emotional burden to the patient, the couple and the medical staff. Surgery for malignant tumors during pregnancy seems to be save. Radiotherapy on the other hand should be avoided. Chemotherapy is regarded to be save during the second and third trimester but it should not be applied during the first trimester because of its teratogenic effects. The most frequent malignant disorders during pregnancy are cervical cancer, breast cancer, melanoma and Hodgkin lymphoma. We discuss possible treatment options for breast cancer and gynecological tumors during pregnancy. Ovarian Cancer is a rare event during pregnancy. Because of frequent prenatal visits most of them are diagnosed at an early stage, with good prognosis. In case of advanced stage of ovarian cancer chemotherapy besides surgery is necessary. The former usually is preferred as monotherapy during pregnancy. To treat breast cancer during pregnancy a mastectomy with axillary lymphonodectomy is necessary to avoid radiotherapy. Indications for chemotherapy are the same as for not pregnant patients. Usually AC with and without 5-FU is used. For invasive cervical cancer surgery or radiotherapy +/- chemotherapy is indicated after induced abortion or cesarean section. Early termination of pregnancy is of no survival benefit to the mother in case of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. In these cases systemic therapy during pregnancy and delivery at 34 weeks is recommended.
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PMID:[Chemotherapy for gynecological malignancies--a contraindication during pregnancy?]. 1570 7

On the basis of 55 years of continuous cancer registration in Denmark, we present cancer incidence rates, time trends and birth cohort analyses for persons aged 0-34 years. The group of 40,750 cancer patients showed a substantial over-representation of males aged 1-24 years. The cancer pattern among young (15-34 years) men was dominated by testicular cancer (35%), lymphomas (14%) and tumors of the brain (13%), while the pattern among young women was governed by invasive cervical cancer (19%), malignant melanoma (15%) and cancer of the breast (12%). In this age range, a positive time trend was seen after 1970, equivalent to average annual percentage increases of 1.9% for men and 1.8% for women, due mainly to markedly increasing trends for testicular cancer, malignant melanoma, brain tumors, thyroid cancer, skin carcinomas and skin sarcoma among men, and for brain tumors, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, malignant melanoma, skin carcinomas and thyroid cancer among women. We saw no clear time trend for breast cancer among women. The cancer pattern among children (0-14 years) was similar to that reported for other white populations.
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PMID:Cancer incidence in the age range 0-34 years: historical and actual status in Denmark. 1638 Sep 85

The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 1995 had a dramatic impact on the morbidity and mortality of the HIV population, and subsequently, the natural history of cancer has changed. The purpose of our study was to review the prevalence of AIDS-defining malignancies and non-AIDS defining cancers (NADC), taking into consideration racial and gender variations. After the institutional review board approval, the study was conducted as a retrospective chart review of 279 HIV-infected patients who were treated at the Moffitt Cancer Center between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2010. The demographic characteristics included gender, ethnicity, race, presence or absence of ART, and the type of malignancy reviewed. Of 233 men, 78 (33.5%) had AIDS-defining malignancies. AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was detected in 49 (21%) patients and Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in 29 (12%) patients. Two-thirds of male patients had NADC, with anal cancer being the most prevalent (8.5%), followed by Hodgkin lymphoma (6%). AIDS-related NHL was also the predominant malignancy for women with a prevalence of 19.5% followed by invasive cervical cancer (ICC) and breast cancer, both with a similar prevalence of 11%. Kaposi sarcoma and anal cancer were equally detected in 2% of women. The prevalence rates of AIDS-defining malignancies among those of white race were 34%, ranging from 21% for NHL to 13% for KS and 1.5% for ICC. Twenty-one (7.7%) patients had anal cancer. AIDS-defining malignancies were found in 36% of patients of black race and 60% had NHL. Non-AIDS-related NHL was the second most common malignancy, followed by breast cancer and anal cancer with a similar prevalence of 6.5%. Of 279 patients, 53% were taking ART; 39.4% were not taking ART; and in 7.5% of the patients, it was unknown if they were taking ART. In the ART era, our study found NADC to be more prevalent than AIDS-defining malignancies with 60% versus 40%, respectively. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma remained the most common AIDS-related malignancy in both genders. Among the patients with NADC, anal cancer was the predominant malignancy. The increasing incidence of some of the NADC is expected as this population is living longer with chronic exposure of viral replication of virus with oncogenic potential such as Human papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Early ART initiation, aggressive vaccination, and judicious cancer screening are the cornerstone of cancer prevention of this growing population.
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PMID:Malignancy Trends in HIV-Infected Patients Over the Past 10 Years in a Single-Center Retrospective Observational Study in the United States. 3018 62


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