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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From the Third National Cancer Survey (TNCS) Interview Study of 7,518 incident cases, lifetime histories of occupations and industries were studied for associations with specific cancer sites and types while controlling for age, sex, race, education, use of cigarettes or alcohol, and geographic location. Lung cancer patients were found more often than expected among several categories including trucking, air transportation, wholesaling, painting, building construction, building maintenance, and manufacturing (furniture, transportation equipment, and food products). Controlling for cigarette smoking did not change these associations. Leukemia and multiple myeloma were associated with sales personnel of both sexes, whereas lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease were excessive among women working in the medical industry. Other associations included rectal cancer with several retail industries; prostate cancer with ministers, farmers, plumbers, and coal miners; malignant melanoma with school teachers; and invasive cervical cancer with women working in hotels and restaurants. Breast cancer patients were more common among women who were teachers or other professionals and who worked in business and finance (even after controlling for education). Many other findings are presented in detailed tables. Results are reported mainly as a research resource for use by other investigators doing work in this field. Suggestions are given for future studies.
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PMID:Associations of cancer site and type with occupation and industry from the Third National Cancer Survey Interview. 90 93

The clinical and experimental literature on the relation of estrogen, progestins, and oral contraceptives (OCs) to breast cancer, benign breast lesions, and cervical cancer is reviewed. Experimental studies on the relation of estrogens and OCs to mammary lesions indicate a varying response that largely depends up on the species and strain of animal studied. Various clinical studies have failed to show that estrogens or OCs cause breast cancer; similar findings have been reported in animal studies. Estrogen has been found to increase the incidence of cervical cancer in certain strains of mice, although such an effect has not been demonstrated in other species and man. Most studies agree that OCs do not adversely affect the incidence of abnormal Papanicolaou smears, cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer in situ, or invasive cervical cancer. Progesterone has effectively brought about remission in cases of cervical cancer, as have progestins in cases of breast cancer.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives: relations to mammary cancer, benign breast lesions, and cervical cancer. 109 91

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States. During 1992, breast cancer will be diagnosed in 180,000 women, and an estimated 46,000 women will die from the disease (1). In addition, invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed in an estimated 13,500 women and will cause approximately 4400 deaths (1). Many of these deaths could be prevented through routine, high-quality mammography screening and use of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test (2,3). This report describes cancer screening in three women who received these services through CDC's National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program and the implementation of this comprehensive screening program for low-income women through cooperative agreements with state health agencies during July 1991-July 1992.
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PMID:Update: National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, July 1991-July 1992. 132 39

The authors examined the incidence of second primary cancers occurring after cervical and anal cancer. Data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry for 1935-1988 and eight other US tumor registries for 1973-1988 were used. Women with primary invasive cervical cancer had a relative risk of 4.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4-8.1) for subsequent invasive anal cancer. Increased relative risks after cervical cancer were also found for cancers of the oral cavity (relative risk (RR) = 2.2), stomach (RR = 1.5), rectum (RR = 1.4), larynx (RR = 3.4), lung (RR = 3.0), vagina (RR = 5.6), bladder (RR = 2.7), for kidney (RR = 1.9); decreased relative risks were noted for melanoma (RR = 0.5) and breast cancer (RR = 0.8). Patients with a primary diagnosis of anal cancer had relative risks for subsequent invasive and in situ cervical cancer of 1.3 (95% CI 0.2-4.5) and 3.4 (95% CI 0.9-8.8), respectively. Anal cancer was also associated with increased relative risks of subsequent lung (RR = 2.5) and prostate (RR = 1.8) cancers, whereas the relative risk of uterine cancer was 0.2 (95% CI 0.0-0.9). These findings support other evidence for common factors, such as human papillomavirus infection and cigarette smoking, in the etiology of cervical and anal cancer.
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PMID:Second primary cancers following anal and cervical carcinoma: evidence of shared etiologic factors. 132

The largest case control study on the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and cancer is the US Cancer and Steroid Hormone (CASH) study. Since it did not use hospital-based patients as controls, it eliminated some biases. Since OCs suppress ovulation and suppressed ovulation is linked with reduced risk of ovarian cancer, scientists believe OCs may reduce this cancer risk. The CASH study shows that OC use indeed decreases the risk of ovarian cancer 40% (relative risk [RR]=.6 and this protection lasts for more than 10 years after OC discontinuation. Protection increases with duration of OC use (1 year RR=.6 and 10 years RR=.2). Estrogenic stimulation of the endometrium without ample progestational protection causes endometrial cancer. Thus combined OCs which have estrogen and progestin components should reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. The CASH study reveals OC use for at least 12 months reduces this risk 50%. OCs have a protective effect for at least 15 years after stopping OC use. In addition, UK national mortality data show OC use caused the decline in ovarian cancer mortality and a 40% decrease in endometrial cancer mortality over the last 20 years. A WHO 7-county case control study indicates that OC users in developing countries have the same protective effect against ovarian and endometrial cancer as those in developed countries. Studies of OC use and cervical cancer have had conflicting results due to 3 biases: cervical cancer is associated with sexual behavior and is therefore a sexually transmitted disease; detection bias. A study in Costa Rica conducted by CDC study has addressed the 1st and 3rd biases. It found no increased risk of invasive cervical cancer or carcinoma in situ with OC use. Studies of OC use and breast cancer have also had conflicting results, but the data clearly indicate that OC use does not increase the overall risk of breast cancer. In fact, OC benefits surpass breast cancer risks.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives and gynecologic cancer: an update for the 1990s. 141 42

Breast and cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates were reviewed for the period 1973-1987. For breast cancer, mortality has been relatively stable, increasing from 26.9/100,000 women in 1973 to 27.1 in 1987. Alternatively, data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, End Results Program (SEER) showed a 36% increase in the incidence of this malignancy over the same period. In 1987, overall incidence of invasive breast cancer was 111.9/100,000 women. White women experienced lower overall mortality rates and higher overall incidence than black women; however, these differences varied by age. Examination of breast cancer incidence by stage of disease at diagnosis revealed that rates for distant and regional disease have remained relatively stable since 1973. In contrast, rates of localized and in situ cancers exhibited an increase in the 1980s that may correspond to increased use of mammography in this country. The rate of decline in cervical cancer incidence and mortality has slowed in recent years. In 1987, 3.0 cervical cancer deaths/100,000 women occurred. SEER incidence for invasive disease for that year was 8.2/100,000. Rates varied by race, age, state, and stage of disease. In general, black women experienced much higher incidence and mortality from invasive cervical cancer than white women. For both races, rates of in situ disease were highest among young women and decreased rapidly with age. Rates of in situ cervical cancer were consistently higher than rates of invasive cancer for the time period studied.
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PMID:Breast and cervical cancer surveillance, United States, 1973-1987. 159 12

Cancers of the breast and reproductive system are less common in South Louisiana than other parts of the nation. The only exception is invasive cervical cancer. Incidence rates for breast cancer in South Louisiana women are 20% lower than the SEER combined rates, and rates for cancer of the uterine corpus and the ovary among white women are 43% and 32% lower respectively than the SEER averages. South Louisiana men also have risks 14% (whites) and 30% (blacks) less than the national of developing prostatic cancer. These significantly low rates are observed for all regions in South Louisiana. The reasons for the low rates are not clearly understood. Possible explanations include: less frequent use of cancer screening tests, high prevalence of hysterectomy, lower risk exposures, and host/genetic factors. The low incidence rates for these cancers are not accompanied by more favorable mortality outcomes, suggesting a poorer survival among Louisiana cancer patients partially due to late stage disease at the time of diagnosis and treatment. Programs to increase the accessibility of cancer screening tests and improve early detection are greatly needed.
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PMID:Cancer in south Louisiana. Part III: Cancers of the breast and the reproductive system. 161 9

The association between oral contraceptives (o.c.) and disease risk was reviewed on the basis of data from a network of a case-control studies conducted in northern Italy since the early 1980's on about 150 cases below age 55 with acute myocardial infarction, 150 with gallstone disease, 350 with uterine fibromyoma, 170 with endometrial cancer, 700 with benign or malignant ovarian tumours, 2000 with breast cancer, 360 with intraepithelial and 370 with invasive cervical cancer, 20 with liver cancer plus over 2000 control women admitted to hospital for acute, non hormone-related non neoplastic diseases. The relative risk (RR) of myocardial infarction was 2.1 (95% confidence interval from 0.7 to 7.1) among current o.c. users, but only 4% of women were current users. There was no association between gallstone disease, uterine fibromyoma and o.c. use. Significant protections were observed with reference to endometrial cancer and benign, borderline and malignant ovarian tumours, while the RR was above unity (RR = 1.9) for invasive cervical cancer, but not for intraepithelial cervical neoplasia. A significantly increased risk was observed for primary liver cancer, which is however extremely rare in young women. With reference to breast cancer, there was no consistent duration-risk relationship, and the RR was 0.8 for use for 5 or more years. Thus, these data provide reassuring information on the relationship between o.c. use and the risk of several important diseases in a Southern European population.
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PMID:[Risks and benefits of the contraceptive pill. A review of the results of an Italian study]. 184 65

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in eight developing and three developed countries to determine whether use of combined oral contraceptives alters risks of various cancers. An observed trend of increasing risk of invasive cervical cancer with duration of use may not represent a causal relationship and is the subject of further study. Decreased risks of ovarian and endometrial carcinomas in users likely indicate a protective effect of oral contraceptives, the degree of which was similar in developing and developed countries. A small increase in risk of breast cancer in recent and current users was found to be somewhat greater in developing than developed countries. Both causal and non-causal interpretations of this finding have been offered. No associations were found between oral contraceptives and in situ cervical, hepatocellular, cholangio, or gallbladder carcinomas, or uterine sarcomas; but the power of this study to detect alterations in risks of these neoplasms in long-term users was low.
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PMID:The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives: the influence of combined oral contraceptives on risk of neoplasms in developing and developed countries. 186 38

Large epidemiologic studies conducted to date in the United States and abroad have not demonstrated any statistically significant increase in the overall incidence of breast cancer among women who used oral contraceptives (OCs). The cumulative risk of breast cancer among women less than 60 years of age is clearly not related to OC use, although the incidence of breast cancer in certain subgroups of premenopausal women who used OCs may be increased and warrants monitoring. Evidence of a latency period in the development of breast cancer among OC users is not convincing. Studies to date have indicated that the risk of invasive cervical cancer appears to be unaffected by OC use. The data on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are inconclusive and fraught with confounding variables. There is unequivocal evidence that OC use reduces the incidence of other reproductive system cancers, notably ovarian and endometrial.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives and reproductive system cancer. Benefits and risks. 204 78


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