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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Metastatic tumors to the upper gastrointestinal tract were identified by esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 14 patients. Malignant melanoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer were the most common primary cancers in four, three, and three patients, respectively. Osteogenic sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, Meckel cell carcinoma of the skin, and germ-cell tumor were the primary cancer in the remaining four. The esophagus was involved in three patients, the stomach in 13, duodenum in four, and papilla of Vater in one. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia were the most common presenting features. There was correlation between symptoms and endoscopic findings in all patients. Involvement of gastrointestinal tract at endoscopy was the initial and only evidence of metastases in all patients without evidence of metastases elsewhere, as evidenced by other diagnostic tests in any of these patients. Endoscopic biopsies and/or brush cytology provided histologic diagnosis in all 14 patients. The endoscopic and nonendoscopic literature regarding metastases to the upper gastrointestinal tract is reviewed.
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PMID:Metastatic tumors to the upper gastrointestinal tract: endoscopic experience. 962 52

We analysed our population of renal transplant recipients treated with cyclosporin (CsA) and prednisolone with respect to clinically evident de novo malignancies. Eighteen of 598 patients (mean age 35.6 (1-73) years receiving their first renal graft between 1 May 1981 and 31 December 1986 developed a malignancy at a mean interval of 33.5 months. Types of malignancy were squamous carcinoma of the skin (1), carcinoma of the tonsils (1), urothelioma (5), renal-cell carcinoma (2), adenocarcinoma of colon and liver (3), metastic adenocarcinoma of the lung (1), teratocarcinoma of the testis (1), breast cancer (1), Hodgkin's lymphoma in the renal allograft (1), carcinoma of the uterus (1), and carcinoma of the prostate (1). Six cases were observed in the age group 40-49 years (3%), but only three in age group 20-29 years, and nine cases in patients older than 50 years. No malignancy emerged in children (age group less than 19 years) and in patients with pretransplant malignancies. Five patients with analgesic abuse (n = 21 of 598 patients) developed malignant urotheliomas. It is concluded that de novo malignancies constitute a heterogeneous group with no obvious risk attributable to CsA treatment. As previously reported there is a special risk of malignant urotheliomas in patients with analgesic nephropathy. The risk in children seems to be low. We did not observe the high incidence of lymphomas and skin cancer reported by other groups.
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PMID:Malignant tumours in renal transplant recipients receiving cyclosporin: survey of 598 first-kidney transplantations. 211 25

Low dietary intake of selenium has been proposed as a risk factor for breast cancer. To address this hypothesis, we collected toenail clippings from 62,641 women in the Nurses' Health Study cohort who were free from cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 1982 and 1983. The selenium concentration in nails has been shown to reflect dietary intake of selenium. During 53 months of follow-up, 434 cases of breast cancer were diagnosed among women who had submitted a set of toenail clippings, and we matched one control free from breast and other cancers to each case. The mean selenium level in toenails in the cases (0.823 microgram/g; SD, 0.197) was almost identical to that of the controls (0.821 microgram/g; SD, 0.174). After controlling for known breast cancer risk factors, the relative risk for women in the highest quintile of selenium as compared with the lowest quintile was 1.10 (95% confidence interval, 0.70 to 1.72) and there was no trend across quintiles. Results were similar for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Although these data do not exclude a possible influence of selenium intake before adulthood on subsequent risk of breast cancer, selenium intake later in life is not likely to be an important factor in the etiology of breast cancer.
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PMID:A prospective study of selenium status and breast cancer risk. 198 21

This report presents the first findings of the Murcia Cancer Registry, a population-based cancer registry set up in May 1981 in the Murcia region of southeast Spain (955,487 inhabitants). Descriptive epidemiological methods have been applied to study cancer incidence in 1982. The validity of cancer registration has been assessed for both completeness and accuracy. Altogether 1,987 cases were registered in 1982, the crude (all-ages) annual incidence rates per 100,000 being 238 in males and 179 in females. Excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer, which seems to be incompletely registered, age-standardized rates for Murcia are very similar to those of other registries in Spain in males, but lower in females. The risk was higher in males than in females for all sites and for the great majority of specific sites, especially larynx, oesophagus and bladder. The age-standardized rate for cancer of the larynx was 26 times higher in men than in women. Lung cancer was the most common cancer in males: the risk was 8 times that in females. Lung cancer rates were higher, in both males and females, than in other Spanish registries. Cancer of the larynx was the second most common site in males when either truncated rates (35-64 years) or cumulative incidence rates up to 64 years of age were used. The age-standardized rate (18 per 100,000) supports previous studies suggesting that the risk for this cancer in Spain and other Mediterranean countries is very high. The lung/larynx rate ratio in men was two. Cancer of the breast is the most common cancer among women, as in other registries in Spain and in most other countries. The age-standardized rate (29.4 per 100,000) is lower than breast cancer rates elsewhere in Spain. This difference may be partly explained by incompleteness of ascertainment in Murcia. The incidence rate for cancer of the cervix uteri was 4.9 per 100,000, excluding carcinoma in situ. Despite the limitations of the data, cervical cancer incidence in Murcia is likely to be similar to that in other regions of Spain.
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PMID:Cancer incidence in Murcia, Spain, in 1982: first results from a population-based cancer registry. 372 19

Longitudinal studies are often concerned with estimating the rate of an event that may recur. Examples are nonmelanoma skin cancer rates, screening rates for breast cancer using mammography and hospital admission rates. We propose simple estimators for directly and indirectly standardized summary rates and relative rates of recurrent events and their variances. We also develop an estimator of the excess rate in an area if the rate in another area applied. For non-recurrent events, the estimators are identical to the usual standardized summary rates. The estimators are independent of the underlying distribution of the event of interest and allow for unequal follow-up times and event rate heterogeneity among individuals. The method is not computationally intensive and does not require specialized software. We illustrate the application of the method in a retrospective cohort study of hospital utilization patterns of Medicare enrollees in Boston and New Haven over a three and a half year period.
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PMID:Standardized rates of recurrent outcomes. 799 11

Mutations of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene are the most common genetic alterations in human cancer, found in approximately 50% of all tumors. The importance of p53 in human cancer attracts attention in molecular studies dealing with the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prognosis in tumor pathology. This review summarizes the current understanding of p53 both on the genetic and protein level. Frequency and spectrum of somatic p53 mutations in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin and malignant melanoma are discussed including our own investigations and studies published in the literature.
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PMID:[Tumor suppressor gene p53. Theoretical principles and their significance for pathology]. 871 Jul 88

Retinoids have been shown to be potent inhibitors of epithelial carcinogenesis. Recent evidence has demonstrated that retinoid actions are mediated through nuclear receptors, which are proteins encoded by the retinoic acid receptor and retinoid X receptor gene families. These receptors are activated by binding to specific retinoids; of the known naturally occurring retinoids, 9-cis retinoic acid is unique in its ability to bind to both receptor families. Because of its unique receptor-binding characteristics, 9-cis retinoic acid may have biological activity not possible with other retinoids. For this reason, we conducted a Phase I trial of 9-cis retinoic acid in adult patients with solid tumors. Twenty-two patients were treated twice daily with p.o. 9-cis retinoic acid at doses ranging from 20 mg/m2/day to 150 mg/m2/day. The patients had non-small cell lung cancer (n = 8), breast cancer (n = 5), colorectal cancer (n = 3), head and neck cancer (n = 2), nonmelanoma skin cancer (n = 2), or ovarian cancer (n = 2). The dose-limiting (WHO grade III) toxic effects, which occurred at the 150-mg/m2/day dose level, were headaches and diarrhea. Less severe (grades I and II) toxic effects included cheilitis, dry skin, conjunctivitis, fatigue, hypertriglyceridemia, alkaline phosphatase elevation, myalgia/arthralgia, and hypercalcemia. Of the 15 patients evaluable for tumor response, no objective responses were observed. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a reduction in peak 9-cis retinoic acid plasma levels with chronic administration. Based on this study, the recommended Phase II dose of 9-cis retinoic acid in adult patients with solid tumors is 100 mg/m2/day administered in a divided dose twice daily.
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PMID:Phase I trial of 9-cis retinoic acid in adults with solid tumors. 981 71

Low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast (LASCB) is a relatively recently-described, rare histotype of breast cancer that has a favorable prognosis. Its principal microscopic features are the presence of "syringoid" ("tadpole"-shaped) ductal profiles of tumor cells, a bland and modestly cellular stromal background, and the variable presence of keratinizing ("epidermoid") cell groups. As such, the basic image of LASCB is quite similar to that of microcystic adnexal or adenosquamous carcinoma of the skin or "syringomatous adenoma" of the nipple. We report the fine-needle aspiration cytologic (FNA) attributes of this neoplasm, as well as its immunohistochemical characteristics and differential diagnosis.
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PMID:Fine-needle aspiration cytology and immunohistology of low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast. 988 21

The Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly malignant carcinoma of the skin that is characterized by granules containing neuroendocrine peptides and by the expression of simple epithelial type cytokeratins. The glycoprotein Ep-CAM is a homophilic cell-cell adhesion molecule, present in most simple, pseudostratified and transitional epithelia and the tumors derived therefrom. MUC 1 is a well-established marker for squamous cell carcinomas and is generally secreted by glandular epithelial cells. We compared the expression of Ep-CAM and MUC 1 in Merkel cells and 33 cases of MCC and 12 MCC metastases using immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections. In addition, we examined the glycosylation status of MUC 1 with specific monoclonal antibodies. MUC 1 and Ep-CAM were expressed in Merkel cells and in about 82% and 70% of all MCC irrespective of clinical outcome. Both antigens were expressed in 66% of metastases. Similar to breast cancer, the presence of MUC 1 was not correlated with clinical outcome, but the staining intensity of monoclonal antibodies against glycosylation-independent and hypoglycosylated epitopes was. In MCC we found an altered glycosylation pattern in the immunodominant APDTR region of MUC 1 as compared to normal Merkel cells. Hyperglycosylated MUC 1 epitopes were not present in either MCC or normal Merkel cells. There was no correlation between glycosylation pattern and clinical outcome. Ep-CAM expression seemed to be stronger in primary MCC that metastasized than in those that did not. In conclusion, Merkel cells and the majority of MCC express Ep-CAM and MUC 1. This opens the door for treatments based on monoclonal antibodies or vaccination strategies against these antigens, already established for other tumor entities.
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PMID:Expression of MUC 1 and Ep-CAM in Merkel cell carcinomas: implications for immunotherapy. 1284 24

In total, 281 of the 7711 women who were initially treated for breast cancer between 1954 and 1983 at the Gustave Roussy Institute developed a second malignant neoplasm (SMN) other than second primary breast cancer and nonmelanoma skin cancer at least 1 year after breast cancer treatment. We carried out a nested case-control study to determine the overall relationship between the dose of radiotherapy received at a given anatomical site and the risk of SMN at the same site. In total, 75% of the cases of SMN were previously treated by radiotherapy, as compared to 73% of the controls. In the irradiated patients, the median local dose was higher among cases (3.1 Gy) than among controls (1.3 Gy). More than 40% of the irradiated patients received a local dose of less than 1 Gy. A purely quadratic relationship was observed between the dose of radiation received at an anatomical site and the risk of SMN at this site. According to the quadratic model, the excess risk of SMN was 0.2% (95% CI 0.05-0.5%) when the target organ received 1 Gy. This risk did not differ significantly according to age at the time of radiotherapy (<40 vs >or=40 years). The risk of SMN was 6.7-fold higher for doses of 25 Gy or more than in the absence of radiotherapy. No carcinogenic effect of chemotherapy was observed and a dose-effect relationship between the length of tamoxifen treatment and SMN occurrence was found. This relationship was limited to endometrial cancers and did not modify the relationship with radiation dose. Our results suggest that high radiation doses slightly increase the risk of second malignancies after breast cancer.
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PMID:Radiation dose, chemotherapy, hormonal treatment and risk of second cancer after breast cancer treatment. 1294 15


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