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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A proportion of cancers in endocrine target tissues can show the presence of specific receptors for either steroid or polypetide hormones. Manipulation of the controlling hormones does not guarantee regression. A third of cancers in endocrine target organs (breast, uterine endometrium, and prostate) show a 50% reduction in size of lesions after hormonal therapy. If regression resulting from an aggressive form of therapy lasts a short while and the tumor reactivates by the time the unpleasant effects of the therapy wear off, the treatment is not palliative. Endocrine therapy in prostatic cancer is palliative but there is no evidence that is increases survival. 11 different progestational agents in endometrial cancer therapy in the past 25 years resulted in a 30-35% response. Response must be maintained by continual treatment and may last from 12 months to 7-8 years. In breast cancer, tumors with a significant level of estrogen receptor (ER+) have about a 60% chance of regression vs. tumors without estrogen receptors (ER-), 10%. Advanced cancers of the thyroid of the papillary or follicular type regress when the patient is treated by thyroxine, .3 mg daily. Leukemia and lymphoma are frequently treated, with varying degrees of success with corticosteroid therapy, which may also predispose the patient to intercurrent infection. Renal cancer has been often treated by medroxyprogesterone acetate or testosterone propionate, with little success.
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PMID:Endocrine therapy in cancer. 8 86

Acetone-fixed smears of DBA/2 mouse leukemia cells that produce clusters of intracytoplasmic A-particles (pronucleocapsids of mouse mammary tumor virus) were employed as an indirect immunofluorescence system to detect the antibody to A-particles in human sera. With positive test sera, specific fluorescence was easily detectable as discrete cytoplasmic granules at the site of A-particle clusters. The antibody was found in 26 (60%) out of 43 breast cancer patient sera and 4 (25%) of 16 mammary fibroadenoma patient sera, while only 4 (11%) out of 37 control woman sera were antibody-positive. In the case of breast cancer patients, occurrence of tha antibody was not specifically related to a particular type of tumor histology. In a considerable number of positive cases, the antibody tended to disappear within various lengths of time after surgical operation of the breast cancer.
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PMID:Occurrence of antibody against intracytoplasmic A-particles of mouse mammary tumor virus in sera from breast cancer patients. 21 37

From the Third National Cancer Survey (TNCS) Interview Study of 7,518 incident cases, lifetime histories of occupations and industries were studied for associations with specific cancer sites and types while controlling for age, sex, race, education, use of cigarettes or alcohol, and geographic location. Lung cancer patients were found more often than expected among several categories including trucking, air transportation, wholesaling, painting, building construction, building maintenance, and manufacturing (furniture, transportation equipment, and food products). Controlling for cigarette smoking did not change these associations. Leukemia and multiple myeloma were associated with sales personnel of both sexes, whereas lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease were excessive among women working in the medical industry. Other associations included rectal cancer with several retail industries; prostate cancer with ministers, farmers, plumbers, and coal miners; malignant melanoma with school teachers; and invasive cervical cancer with women working in hotels and restaurants. Breast cancer patients were more common among women who were teachers or other professionals and who worked in business and finance (even after controlling for education). Many other findings are presented in detailed tables. Results are reported mainly as a research resource for use by other investigators doing work in this field. Suggestions are given for future studies.
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PMID:Associations of cancer site and type with occupation and industry from the Third National Cancer Survey Interview. 90 93

Empiric clinical trials have revealed new mechanisms by which hormonal therapies may exert their antitumor effects. Initial studies using escalated doses of agents like toremifene and megestrol acetate have yielded interesting results, showing responses in hormone-receptor-negative patients and in patients progressing after standard doses, respectively. A trial by Cancer and Leukemia Group B randomizing patients with advanced breast cancer to standard-dose (160 mg) megestrol acetate or to 5 or 10 times the standard dose (800 and 1,600 mg) has completed accrual. It is hoped that these results will provide a definitive answer to the dose-response issue for breast cancer. However, regardless of this trial's ultimate outcome, higher doses of megestrol acetate have demonstrated important new effects on appetite stimulation and weight gain; ongoing laboratory research promises potential roles for megestrol acetate in the reversal of chemotherapeutic drug-induced tumor resistance.
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PMID:Potential applications of high-dose megestrol acetate in breast cancer. 146 20

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a syndrome that has an extremely high incidence of cancer. Patients with the disease are homozygous for a mutant gene, the A-T gene, located at 11q23. Of these individuals, 30-40% develop cancer. Of these cancers, 80% are lymphoid. Those heterozygous for the A-T gene also have an increased frequency of cancer, the most notable being the 6.8-fold increase of breast cancer in females carriers. The syndrome is characterized cytogenetically by increased nonrandom chromosome breaks and rearrangements in lymphocytes involving the sites of the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes. Clones of cells having the same rearrangements are often present in the blood of the A-T patients and if the rearrangements involve certain sites, especially a locus within 14q32, the propensity to progress to a malignant transformation is great. Sequencing the A-T gene and ascertaining its function should contribute significantly to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer susceptibility.
Leukemia 1992
PMID:Cancer susceptibility in ataxia-telangiectasia. 154 42

Between 2/87 and 2/91, 49 women with operable breast cancer involving greater than or equal to 10 axillary nodes were treated following mastectomy, with four cycles of Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, 5FU, followed by high doses of Cyclophosphamide, Cisplatin, Carmustine (HDCT) with autologous bone marrow transplant support. Forty patients received local-regional radiotherapy (generally to the chest wall, internal mammary, supraclavicular, +/- axillary nodal areas; minimum 44-50 Gy, 1.8-2 Gy/fraction, +/- 10-15 Gy scar boost; standard radiation techniques). The first nine patients did not receive local-regional radiotherapy. Three developed a local-regional failure (6-12 months after HDCT); six are without evidence of disease. Local-regional radiotherapy (LR XRT) was delivered to the subsequent 40 patients following HDCT+autologous bone marrow transplant. Six received less than 44 Gy of the planned local-regional radiotherapy due to significant toxicity and one of these failed locally. Only one local failure was observed among the 34 patients who received greater than or equal to 44 Gy. Two additional patients developed distant metastases. None of these 40 patients have failed in the axilla despite the fact that the axilla was irradiated in only 18 cases. Overall, 36/40 (90%) of these patients are without evidence of disease 4-30 months following HDCT (approximately 10-36 months after mastectomy, median 22 months). Radiotherapy was interrupted or discontinued because of progressive dyspnea, thrombocytopenia, or neutropenia in nine patients. Further studies to determine the roles of local-regional radiotherapy and HDCT in the development of these toxicities are underway. These encouraging results suggest that HDCT + autologous bone marrow transplant+local-regional radiotherapy may improve the survival rate in these high risk patients. A national randomized study to test the efficacy of this HDCT regimen is currently underway (Cancer and Leukemia Group B#9082 and Southwest Oncology Group #9114).
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PMID:Post-mastectomy radiotherapy following adjuvant chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation for breast cancer patients with greater than or equal to 10 positive axillary lymph nodes. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. 163 44

Survival data from eight Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) protocols were examined for patients with lung cancer (N = 961), multiple myeloma (N = 577), gastric cancer (N = 231), pancreatic cancer (N = 174), breast cancer (N = 87), and Hodgkin's disease (N = 58). After accounting for differences in survival rate attributable to type of cancer, initial performance status, age, and 14 other protocol-specific prognostic indicators, the additional predictive value of socioeconomic status (SES) was evaluated. Race (white v non-white) was not a significant predictor of survival time, but income and education were. People with lower annual incomes (below $5,000 per year in the years 1977 to 1981) and those with lower educational level (grade school only) showed survival times significantly shorter than those with higher income or education, respectively. These survival differences were associated with, but could not be fully explained by, severity of disease at initial presentation. SES continued to exert a small but significant impact on cancer survival, even after controlling for all known prognostic variables. Economically and educationally disadvantaged cancer patients may require treatment programs that include education about treatment and compliance, even after an initial diagnosis is made and treatment is initiated. Because SES is related to survival independent of all known prognostic variables, it should be included in the data bases of clinical trial groups to provide a more accurate test of the effectiveness of new therapies.
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PMID:Socioeconomic status and cancer survival. 207 49

Leukemia following chemotherapy for breast cancer was studied among patients diagnosed during 1973-1985 within the population-based tumor registries in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Among 13,734 women given initial chemotherapy, 24 developed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) compared to 2.1 expected based on general population rates (observed/expected = 11.5; 95% confidence interval = 7.4-17.1). Overall, 58 excess ANLL occurred per 100,000 women-years at risk for patients treated with chemotherapy. The cumulative incidence was 0.7% at 10 years. Risk remained high over all periods of observation up to 9 years after treatment. Among 7974 women treated only with surgery during 1973 and 1974, a period before the widespread use of adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, ANLL was not significantly increased (observed = 7, expected = 5.1). A case-control study was then conducted in Connecticut to evaluate in more detail the risk associated with adjuvant chemotherapy in the general population. Among 20 cases (17 incident leukemias and 3 deaths due to preleukemia) and 60 matched controls, alkylating agents were linked to an 11.9-fold risk of ANLL and preleukemia (95% confidence interval = 2.6-55). Chemotherapy regimens including melphalan were related to a higher risk of leukemic conditions than those including cyclophosphamide. These data suggest that women in the general population treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer are at an increased risk of leukemia, that the risk remains high among long-term survivors, and that risk differs by type of alkylating agent administered.
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PMID:Leukemia following chemotherapy for breast cancer. 232

In an attempt to clarify appropriate treatment options for women with stage IV breast cancer, we studied the survival experience of a large dataset of patients treated on Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) protocols. The study, restricted to women who had had no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease, demonstrated a surprisingly poor prognosis, with an estimated median survival of 1.6 years and only 26% alive at 3 years. Analysis of prognostic factors permitted the identification of subsets with even shorter survival, such as women with estrogen receptor negative tumor in more than one metastatic site and prior adjuvant chemotherapy. We feel that an evaluation of intensive investigational treatment approaches, such as trials using autologous bone marrow transplantation, is justified for most stage IV breast cancer patients, in view of their poor prognosis.
Breast Cancer Res Treat 1989 Jan
PMID:Diverse prognosis in metastatic breast cancer: who should be offered alternative initial therapies? 265 Jul 58

To evaluate further the relationship between high-dose radiotherapy and leukemia incidence, a nested case-control study was conducted in a cohort of 22,753 women who were 18-month survivors of invasive breast cancer diagnosed from 1935 to 1972. Women treated for breast cancer after 1973 were excluded to minimize the possible confounding influence of treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. The cases had histologically confirmed leukemia reported to the Connecticut Tumor Registry (CTR) between 1935 and 1984. A total of 48 cases of leukemia following breast cancer were included in the study. Two controls were individually matched to each leukemia case on the basis of age, calendar year when diagnosed with breast cancer, and survival time. Leukemia diagnoses were verified by one hematologist. Radiation dose to active bone marrow was estimated by medical physicists on the basis of the original radiotherapy records of study subjects. Local radiation doses to each of the 16 bone marrow components for each patient were reconstructed; the dose averaged over the entire body was 530 rad (5.3 Gy). Based on this dosage and assuming a linear relationship between dose and affect, a relative risk (RR) in excess of 10 would have been expected. However, there was little evidence that radiotherapy increased the overall risk of leukemia (RR = 1.16; 90% confidence interval [CI], 0.6 to 2.1). The risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, one of the few malignancies without evidence for an association with ionizing radiation, was not significantly increased (RR = 1.8; n = 10); nor was the risk for all other forms of leukemia (RR = 1.0; n = 38). There was no indication that risk varied over categories of radiation dose. These data exclude an association between leukemia and radiotherapy for breast cancer of 2.2-fold with 90% confidence, and provide further evidence that cell death predominates over cell transformation when high radiation doses are delivered to limited volumes of tissue.
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PMID:Leukemia risk following radiotherapy for breast cancer. 290 67


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