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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Persistent and/or late complications were analysed in 64 patients (183 fields) that were treated with combined hyperthermia and radiation therapy for advanced, recurrent or metastatic cancer. The incidence and type of complications were evaluated over a minimum follow-up period of 2 years from the onset of treatment (mean 38.7 months; range 24-82.5 months). The primary malignancies included: breast (39), melanomas (6), adenoid cystic carcinomas of salivary glands (4), prostate (4), soft tissue sarcomas (3), squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (3), lymphomas (3), transitional cell carcinoma of bladder (1) and basal cell carcinoma of the skin (1). The persistent complications noted included induration and fibrosis (39 hyperthermia fields, 22 patients), ulceration at the site of prior tumour (three patients, three fields), and ulceration in normal tissue (one patient, one field). Brachial plexopathy developed in one patient treated for recurrent breast cancer, but she had active disease at that time. A squamous cell carcinoma of the skin developed within the treatment field in a breast cancer patient. Radionecrosis of the mandible was seen in one patient treated for a floor of the mouth cancer, and osteomyelitis with septic arthritis developed in one patient treated for a soft tissue sarcoma of the thigh. Univariate logistic regression analyses of pretreatment and radiation-hyperthermia treatment parameters revealed that maximal tumour temperature had a borderline significant correlation with the development of complications (p = 0.07). Multivariate analyses of the pretreatment and treatment parameters revealed the best-two-covariate model to predict complications included mean maximal tumour temperature and tumour type (macroscopic tumours had greater incidence of complications than for microscopic residual disease). The rate and type of persistent and/or late complications seen following combined radiation and hyperthermia did not appear to dramatically differ from those that would be anticipated from irradiation alone in this patient population, with the exception of an increased incidence of areas of induration and tumour necrosis.
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PMID:Persistent and/or late complications of combined radiation therapy and hyperthermia. 147 99

Cancer screening of the elderly is warranted for those cancers for which early detection and treatment improve life expectancy. There is excellent evidence to include screening for breast cancer with clinical examination and mammography for elderly women. There is also reasonable evidence to screen for cervical cancer with PAP testing in elderly women who were previously unscreened, although there is no evidence to support continuing the practice in women who have had consecutive normal PAP tests. No evidence supports or refutes screening programs for colon, prostate, skin, or oral cancer in the elderly. The authors recommend including screening for colon and prostate cancer in the routine examination of office patients. The potential benefit for the rare patient in whom an early stage cancer is discovered and treated is large and worth both the physician's and patient's time and effort. The authors recommend screening only patients deemed to be at high risk for skin and oral cancer. The main factor favoring continued screening in the elderly is the burden of suffering and the pronounced increased incidence of the disease in old age. Lastly, the authors recommend against routine screening for lung cancer in the elderly.
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PMID:Can screening older patients for cancer save lives? 157 80

In order to project trends in mortality from 11 major cancer sites in Switzerland to the end of the current century, a log-linear Poisson age/period/cohort model with arbitrary constraints on the parameters was used, fitted to the observed rates for the period 1950-84. One projection was based on the assumption of a total absence of change in the effect of period, the second was based on a linear extrapolation of the logarithms of the seven known periods, and the third was related to a series of a priori external epidemiological hypotheses, whenever available. For instance, coefficients below unity were used for lung and other tobacco-related neoplasms in men, since some decline in exposure to tobacco carcinogens was observed among Swiss men, and above unity for women since the prevalence of smoking has risen among successive generations of women. Although the method has limitations and uncertainties, several qualitative indications could be derived from this exercise. For instance, the various models suggest that the age-standardized mortality from oral cancer in men will probably increase up to the end of the century, even under the optimistic assumption of an appreciable decline in smoking, while cancer of the oesophagus is likely to level-off around current values, as other tobacco-related neoplasms, prostate cancer in men, and breast cancer in women will probably do. Some steady decline is predicted by various models fitted to the incidence of stomach and intestinal cancer in both sexes, and to ovarian cancer. Lung cancer will continue to rise in women but will stop rising in men, and it will possibly fall if the hypothesis of a decline in exposure to tobacco carcinogens proves correct. Although any prediction has, by definition, substantial difficulties and uncertainties, projections of cancer mortality in the near future are based on a substantial amount of information already available, and may offer valuable information for epidemiological inferences and health planning purposes.
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PMID:The application of age, period and cohort models to predict Swiss cancer mortality. 232 65

Effectiveness of screening has been established for two cancer sites: breast and cervix uteri. Only for these, therefore, are national policies applicable. The degree of effectiveness of such programs will depend on the coverage of the eligible population; organized programs are, therefore, essential. For cancer of the cervix, nearly maximal efficacy will be obtained by screening sexually active women from 25 to 60 years of age every 3 years. For cancer of the breast, current evidence only justifies screening from 50 years of age; most programs will stop at 70 years of age. Mammography every 2 years will provide nearly maximal efficacy. The place of breast self-examination and physical examination of the breasts is under investigation. In Japan, screening for stomach cancer is justifiable, although strict evidence of effectiveness is lacking. Screening for other cancers must still be regarded as experimental, including the use of sigmoidoscopy and fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer, and visual examination of the mouth for oral cancer. Because of organizational and other difficulties, screening seems unlikely to make a major contribution to reduction in overall cancer mortality by the year 2000. However, if organizational problems can be overcome, screening has the potential to control invasive cancer of the cervix, and to make a major contribution to reduction in breast cancer mortality.
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PMID:Screening for cancer: state of the art and prospects for the future. 265 58

The primary cause of death in women in the world is cancer. In most developing countries cancer of the cervix is the most prevalent cancer. Breast cancer has this distinction in Latin America and the developed countries of North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. It is also the most prevalent cancer worldwide. The most common cancer in Japan and the Soviet Union is stomach cancer. Effective early detection programs can reduce both breast and cervical cancer mortality and also the degree and duration of treatment required. In Iceland, cervical cancer mortality declined 60% between the periods of 1959-1970 and 1975-1978. Programs consist of mammography, physician breast and self examination, and Pap smear. The sophisticated early detection equipment and techniques are expensive and largely located in urban areas, however, and not accessible to urban poor women and rural women, especially in developing countries. Tobacco smoking attributes to 80-90% of all lung cancer deaths worldwide and 30% of all cancer deaths. Passive smoking increases the risk of lung cancer to 25-35% in nonsmokers who breathe in tobacco smoke. Since smoking rates of women are skyrocketing, health specialists fear that lung cancer will replace cervical and breast cancers as the most common cancer in women worldwide in 20-30 years. Tobacco use also contributes to the high incidence of oral cancer in Southern and South Eastern Asia. For example, in India, incidence of oral cancer in women is 3-7 times higher than in developed countries with the smoking and chewing of tobacco in betel quid contributing. Techniques already exist to prevent 1/3 of all cancers. If cases can be discovered early enough and adequate treatment applied, another 1/3 of the cases can be cured. In those cases where the cancer cannot be cured, drugs can relieve 80-90% of the pain.
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PMID:Women and cancer. 350 May 49

An analysis of the pathology reports of cancer at the Central Hospital, Honiara, Solomon Islands from 1970 to 1982 revealed that skin cancer, lymphohaemopoietic malignancy, cancer of the digestive organs and oral cancer were the most common cancers in males, and that cancer of the genito-urinary organs, skin cancer, breast cancer and lymphohaemopoietic malignancy were the most common cancers in females. Leukaemia and lymphoma were the most common cancers diagnosed in children. Although this is a selected series, there are definite similarities with cancer data reported from Papua New Guinea, and significant differences from patterns of cancer reported from Australia. Cancer of the mouth and liver appear to be more common in Solomon Islanders, and cancer of the large bowel and lung less common compared with Australians. These differences probably relate to the effect of different environmental agents. The present prospects for prevention and control of cancer in Solomon Islands is discussed.
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PMID:Cancer in Solomon Islands 1970-82. 659 52

We have determined the average gene copy numbers (AGCN) of the erbB-1 gene, encoding the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), the erbB-2 and the erbB-3 genes in breast, ovarian, oral, and lung cancer tissue by using double-differential PCR (ddPCR). The ddPCR method comprises the co-amplification of the single-copy gene HBB, the erbB-1, erbB-2 and erbB-3 oncogenes and the second single-copy reference gene SOD2 under equal reaction conditions. In a retrospective study the AGCN of the erbB genes and the time up to the appearance of metastases were subjected to life-table analysis in 128 women with primary breast cancer. Patients whose breast cancer tissue showed an AGCN for erbB-1 of less than 0.4 and greater then 1.6, as expected from the literature, for erbB-2 of greater than 2.0 and for erbB-3 of less than 1.75 had decreased disease-free survival (DFS). The quotient of erbB-1 and erbB-2 AGCN was the most significant in multivariate Cox analysis followed by nodal status and progesterone receptor status. In extensive studies a similar association between erbB AGCN and metastasis was seen in ovarian cancer and oral cancer, though erbB oncogene aberrations in those entities were not as frequent as in breast cancer. The AGCN of erbB oncogenes may not be of prognostic value in untreated lung cancer patients.
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PMID:Prognostic relevance of aberrations in the erbB oncogenes from breast, ovarian, oral and lung cancers: double-differential polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) for clinical diagnosis. 760 71

Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of malignant neoplasms in Taiwanese Aborigines were analyzed. In all, 995 cases of cancers had been reported in 30 Taiwanese Aboriginal communities between 1981 and 1987. In the same time period, 137, 159 cases were registered in Taiwan and carefully categorized according to race, gender, site and frequency of occurrence. Sex and tribe-specific standardized incidence ratios with 95% confidence interval were calculated. We found that the standardized incidence ratios of all cancers in Aborigines was lower than that in the general population of Taiwan for both Aboriginal men (0.72, 95% CI:0.67-0.78) and women (0.66, 95% CI:0.59-0.72). Of selected malignant neoplasms, SIR for nasopharyngeal carcinoma was slightly elevated in men, especially in the Bunun and Rukai tribes and significantly elevated in Paiwan women (2.95, 95% CI:1.65-4.87). The SIR for gastric cancer was significantly elevated for both men (SIR = 1.22, 95% CI:1.03-1.44) and women (1.48, 95% CI:1.14-1.92), especially in Atayal and Bunun men and Atayal women. There was a higher than expected level of incidence of penis cancer and other male genital cancers, especially in Paiwan people, with the SIR as large as 6.24 (95% CI:2.02-14.53). The SIR of lymph node cancer was significantly increased in Bunun (4.21, 95% CI:1.36-9.81) and Yamei women (CI:1.50-44.89), but not for all Aboriginal men. Colon, rectum, lung, bladder and oral cancers in aboriginal men and colon, rectum, lung, breast and cervical cancer in women occurred significantly less frequently than in the general population. The SIR of colon and rectum carcinoma was significant lower for both men (0.45, 95% CI:0.32-0.61) and women (0.25, 95% CI:0.13-0.42), particularly in the Atayal and Paiwan tribes. The SIR of lung cancer was 0.52 (95% CI:0.41-0.66) in Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan men and 0.58 (95% CI:0.38-0.86) in Paiwan women. There were significantly lower than expected levels of incidence of bladder (0.18, 95% CI:0.02-0.65) and oral cancer (0.29, 95% CI:0.08-0.74) for Atayal men. Aboriginal women had significantly lower SIR of cervical cancer (0.46) especially in Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan women and of breast cancer (0.38) especially in the Atayal and Paiwan women. But cancer of esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and prostate occurred among Aboriginal people at the same rate as in the general Taiwan.
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PMID:[Standardized incidence ratios for cancers in Taiwan aborigines, 1981-1987]. 808 74

The HER2/neu protooncogene encodes a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase of Mr185 kDa (called p185) which is structurally and functionally homologous to the epidermal growth factor receptor. Shc proteins are important downstream signal transducers of receptor tyrosine kinases. We reported here a novel finding that p66Sch was absent or nearly absent in p185-overexpressing breast cancer cells. This inverse correlation of p185 overexpression and p66Shc expression is probably specific to breast cancer cells because this phenomenon was not observed in p185-overexpressing human ovarian, lung, or oral cancer cells, or mouse fibroblast cells. In contrast, the p52Shc and p46Shc isoforms were expressed at similar levels in both p185-overexpressing and p185 basal level breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, tyrosine phosphorylation of p52Shc and p46Shc and subsequent formation of Shc/Grb2 complex were detected in breast cancer cells in which the p185 tyrosine kinase is activated, indicating that p66Shc is not required for mediating the HER-2/neu signaling pathway in breast cancer cells.
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PMID:p66Shc isoform down-regulated and not required for HER-2/neu signaling pathway in human breast cancer cell lines with HER-2/neu overexpression. 866 Mar 24

In a tribal village in Kerala, India, local volunteers were trained to work in a programme for the primary prevention of tobacco-related cancers and the secondary prevention of common cancers. They gathered data on the use of tobacco and alcohol in a population of some 19,000 people, and identified one or more warning signals of cancer in 430 persons, who were subsequently examined by physicians. Confirmation was obtained of 10 new cancers, 7 recurrent cancers, 46 oral precancerous conditions, and 58 precancers at other sites. The community's awareness of cancer problems increased and the people learnt about the importance of self-examination in the detection of breast cancer and oral cancer.
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PMID:Cancer screening by local volunteers. 906 Feb 35


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