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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The sentinel node evaluation has revolutionized the modern surgical management of cutaneous melanoma and breast cancer. In gynecologic oncology, sentinel node mapping has been mainly studied in vulvar and cervical cancer. In vulvar cancer, data from 12 studies including 353 cases indicate that the sentinel node detection rate is 92% and the negative-predictive value is 99%. Three groin recurrences have been documented so far (< 1%). The technique has more recently been studied in cervical cancer. Data from 12 studies including 323 cases indicate a lower sentinel node detection rate of 80% to 86% and a negative-predictive value of 99%. Three false-negative cases have been reported so far (< 1%). Review of the literature suggests that the combined approach with blue dye and lymphoscintigraphy is superior to the blue dye alone for sentinel node detection. It also suggests that the sentinel node mapping technique is feasible in vulvar and cervical cancer and that it may become a valuable alternative to the traditional groin and pelvic lymphadenectomy. However, results have not been duplicated in large multi-institutional trials, and the technique should still be performed in the context of clinical trials. Complications of the sentinel node mapping technique are rare and usually benign but physicians should be aware of the serious risk of anaphylactic reaction to the blue dye (1% to 2%). Before this technique becomes a standard approach in the management of gynecologic malignancies, more data will be needed to clarify some of the related controversies.
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PMID:Sentinel node evaluation in gynecologic cancer. 1476 8

Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy were first reported in 1977 by Cabanas for penile cancer. Since that time, the technique has become rapidly assimilated into clinical practice. The sentinel node concept has been validated in cutaneous melanoma and breast cancer. However, follow-up data of patients from randomised trials is needed to establish the clinical significance of sentinel lymph node biopsy before accepting the procedure as a standard of care. This technique has the potential to be utilised in all solid tumours like colon, gastric, oesophageal, lung, gynaecologic, and head and neck cancer. This paper reviews the current status of sentinel lymph node biopsy in solid tumours.
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PMID:Current status of sentinel lymph node biopsy in solid malignancies. 1510 32

Although the majority of individuals undergoing apparently curative resection for carcinoma of the colon rectum who are found to be without evidence of metastatic disease in the regional lymph nodes will remain free of disease, approximately 20% to 30% of these individuals will develop recurrent disease and die. This may, in part, be due to understaging of the disease. For this reason, there has been increasing interest in approaches to improving staging of all solid tumors, including carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Lymphatic mapping has revolutionized the management of patients with cutaneous melanoma and breast cancer and has been demonstrated to more accurately stage patients with solid tumors. Our investigations as well as others have taken a number of strategies to improving the staging of individuals of colorectal cancer patients with apparently node-negative disease, including the development of a novel ex vivo lymphatic mapping technique. This article summarizes our and other investigations into improved staging of colorectal cancer with an emphasis on the impact of lymphatic mapping on improving the accuracy of staging of apparently node-negative colorectal cancer patients.
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PMID:The impact on nodal staging of lymphatic mapping in carcinoma of the colon and rectum. 1519 Apr 98

Epidemiologic studies have provided suggestive evidence of a link between cutaneous melanoma (CM) and breast cancer (BC). Moreover, carriers of mutations in the breast cancer predisposition gene, BRCA2, have an increased risk of melanoma while carriers of mutations in the melanoma susceptibility gene, CDKN2A, exhibit a higher than expected risk of breast cancer. These findings raise the possibility that pathways involved in the development of CM and BC overlap and that survivors of one cancer may be prone to develop the other. To this end, we set out to determine if survivors of female BC in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database are at increased risk for CM and vice versa. We followed female BC patients registered in the 1973-1999 SEER database for development of a second CM and female CM patients for the development of a second BC. The expected number of cases was then compared to the observed number of cases using standardized incidence ratios. Overall, we found a modest but statistically significant increased risk of CM among female BC survivors and vice versa. Among young BC patients, we observed a 46% elevated risk of a second CM. Women who underwent radiation therapy exhibited a 42% increased risk for CM. The risks of BC among female CM survivors and CM among BC survivors were also elevated, albeit to a much lesser degree (overall, 11% and 16%, respectively). We found a mutual association between female BC and CM. The elevated risk for CM, especially among younger BC patients, suggests that the genetic observations from high-risk groups may also be operative at a much lower level in the general BC population.
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PMID:Association between female breast cancer and cutaneous melanoma. 1525 52

Sentinel node biopsy has been widely adopted in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma and breast cancer. The ongoing controversy concerning the extension of lymphatic dissection in gastric cancer demonstrate that the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy has yet to be established, and underlines that the research in this area is needed to refine our knowledge and consequently our treatment of gastric tumors. In this paper the authors describe a multicentric protocol concerning the sentinel node research in early and advanced T1-T2 gastric cancer employing the blue dye method and lymphoscintigraphy by means of the endoscopic injection of Tc99m labeled nanocolloids. The aim of this protocol is to assess the clinical relevance of the sentinel node biopsy in selecting N+ patients in early gastric cancer, and the role of the same technique in detecting N2 positive patients in case of advanced gastric cancer. Assuming a confidence interval of +/- 5%, a sample of 100 recruited cases over three years is previewed.
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PMID:[Lymph node sentinel in gastric carcinoma: proposal of a multicenter GISCRIS (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Chirurgia Radioguidata e dell'immunoscintigrafia) protocol]. 1643 24

No systematic population-based studies have been conducted on familial eye cancers. Reliable data on familial risks are important for clinical counselling and cancer genetics. The current analysis was based on the nation-wide Swedish Family-Cancer Database on 10.5 million individuals, containing families with parents and offspring. Cancer data were retrieved from the Swedish Cancer Registry from the years 1958 to 2002, including 3636 patients with any type of eye cancer. Familial risk for offspring was defined using the standardized incidence ratio (SIR), adjusted for many variables. Ocular melanoma was detected in two parent-offspring pairs, but the SIR of 3.90 was not significant. Parental upper aerodigestive tract (2.05), left-sided colon (1.83) and male non-medullary thyroid (6.98) cancers showed an association with ocular melanoma, albeit some with a borderline significance. The SIR for leukaemia was increased when parents were diagnosed with eye melanoma. There was no evidence for the association of ocular melanoma with cutaneous melanoma. The SIR for ocular melanoma was 1.76 when a sister was diagnosed with breast cancer, but there was no increase when a mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. When both a child and the parent presented with retinoblastoma, the SIR was 900. The parents of children with retinoblastoma had an excess of small intestinal and rectal cancers and Hodgkin's disease. The present findings were based on a limited number of cases, but they display a complex and heterogeneous pattern of familial associations in ocular melanoma, including an association with breast cancer through a putative recessive mechanism.
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PMID:Familial risks for eye melanoma and retinoblastoma: results from the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. 1656 75

Familial clustering is estimated in 5-10% of pancreatic cancers. In different countries Familial Pancreatic Cancer Registries have been established to investigate the epidemiology, and genetic background in these families and, to organize the screening programs for high-risk relatives and for follow-up. The largest such registry is found at Johns Hopkins University Hospital. Evaluating the available data revealed that familial pancreatic cancer is heterogeneous: it may occur in kindreds of pancreatic cancer patients, but it may also be associated with various familial cancer syndromes. Such syndromes include FAMMM-syndrome, hereditary breast cancer, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, but other associations can also be taken into account. The germline mutations are also heterogeneous, and although they are not absolutely decisive, they significantly increase the risk of the affected persons, making the organ more susceptible for environmental carcinogens. High-risk family members should be screened for gene mutations (especially for BRCA2, STK11/LKB1, CDKN2A/p16, PRSS1 genes), and by using endoscopic ultrasound. These methods are useful for identifying the preneoplastic conditions, but of equal importance is the cessation of smoking. In Hungary there are no relevant data about the epidemiology of familial pancreatic cancer, but their number is estimated to be about 80-150 annually. Considering the very high (and continuously increasing) incidence, it seems to be necessary to register and screen these families. This review emphasizes the importance of these goals.
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PMID:[Familial pancreatic cancer]. 1688 80

The estrogen receptor (ER) belongs to the group of sex hormone receptors and binds the biologically active form of estrogen, 17beta-estradiol. Expression of ER in tumor tissue is a well-established prognostic marker in breast cancer. The role of ER has been extensively studied in several other types of human cancers. This report investigates the potential role of ER as a surrogate marker for predicting melanoma progression, response to therapy, and patient survival. In addition, the authors review what is known, so far, about ER signaling pathways and their potential role in carcinogenesis and progression of cutaneous melanoma. Possibilities and limitations of using ER as a therapeutic target in the treatment of melanoma is also discussed.
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PMID:The role of estrogen receptor in melanoma. 1802 Sep 83

Melanoma sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) are carefully evaluated to maximize sensitivity. Examination includes hematoxylin and eosin (H+E) stained sections at multiple levels through the node, with subsequent immunohistochemical (IHC) stains for melanocytic markers if H+E sections are negative for melanoma. However, not all IHC-positive cells in SLN are metastatic melanoma, as evidenced by the presence of MART-1 positive cells in SLN from breast cancer patients with no history of melanoma (so-called 'false-positive' cells). These 'false-positive cells' could be nodal nevus, non-melanocytic cells with cross-reacting antigenic determinants, phagocytic cells containing melanocyte antigens, or possibly melanocytes or melanocyte stem cells liberated at the time of biopsy of the cutaneous melanoma. Examination of SLN requires careful correlation of H+E and IHC findings.
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PMID:False-positive cells in sentinel lymph nodes. 1869 15

Cell-cell adhesion plays a critical role in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity and cell society. Reduced cell-cell adhesiveness allows cancer cells to disobey the social order, resulting in destruction of the histological structure, the morphological hallmark of malignant tumors. Morbidity in most cancer patients is not due to primary cancer but to metastatic disease. Thus, understanding the progression of tumors to metastatic state and the changes that take place in highly aggressive cells is important in the development of novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of progressive malignancies. Cell adhesion molecules are implicated in human carcinogenesis. E-cadherin is a calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule the intact function of which is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of epithelial tissue polarity and structural integrity. The gene encoding E-cadherin (CDH1, on chromosome 16q22.1) was one of the first to be considered as an invasion-suppressor gene. Mutations in CDH1 occur in diffuse type gastric cancer, lobular breast cancer, and endometrial cancer. In human cancers, partial or complete loss of E-cadherin expression correlates with malignancy. Through immunohistochemical analysis it has been assessed the abnormal expressions of E-cadherin in three types of cancer: gastric carcinoma, lobular breast carcinomas and cutaneous melanoma and the correlation with the multistep process of metastasis.
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PMID:Correlation between E-cadherin abnormal expressions in different types of cancer and the process of metastasis. 1929 16


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