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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Malignant neoplasms are responsible for more than half a million deaths annually and 22.5% of all deaths in the United States. Cancer is the second leading cause of death overall and the leading cause of death among Americans aged 35-64. Within the next decade it may become the leading cause of death. Cancers of digestive and respiratory organs are responsible for 53% of all cancer deaths. Certain subgroups are at elevated risk for various cancers. For example, sun-sensitive or excessively sun-exposed young white adults, young black women, and elderly patients are at increased risk for cutaneous melanoma, breast cancer, and colon cancer, respectively. Black men have the greatest risk for both lung cancer and cancer of the prostate. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and solid tumors of the brain and nervous system are the most frequent forms of malignancy occurring among children less than or equal to 14 years. Office screening is the traditional method for identifying cancer victims as early as possible. A suitable screening test should be rapid, simple, inexpensive, and impose minimal discomfort. There must be a window of opportunity available to identify the cancer during a detectable preclinical phase, and therapeutic modalities must be available to alter progression. An office screening test for cancer may have any one of four outcomes, and three of them are bad. False negatives are the worst adverse outcome because cancer remains undetected despite screening. An epidemic of lung cancer, caused by cigarette smoking, is occurring in all race and sex groups. If Americans stopped smoking, 87% of lung cancer deaths could be prevented. Tobacco abuse also is a major risk factor for cancer of the esophagus, larynx, and oral cavity. Cigarette smoking is a contributing factor for cancer of the bladder, kidney, and pancreas, and it has been associated with both cervical cancer and cancer of the stomach. Smoking and smokeless tobacco cessation endorsements, messages, and programs must be part of routine disease prevention and health promotion activities in every primary care practice. More than 1 million Americans became new cancer victims last year, and more than 1 million additional cases will be detected this year. Because of the striking variability in state and regional patterns of various forms of cancer, geographic location of a practice may influence the frequency of cancers seen. Four sites (breast, prostate, lung, colon, and rectum) were responsible for 55% of cancer mortality and 56% of all new cases of cancer detected during 1991.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Epidemiology of cancer in the United States. 141 56

The presence of estradiol and progesterone receptors (ER and PR, respectively) was assessed in 24 removed cutaneous melanomas, adapting the routine procedure used for the detection of the presence of these steroid hormone receptors in breast cancers. The study included only those cases which were not subjected to any anticancer therapy before surgery. The ER and PR values were comparable to those found in breast cancer and the tumors thus investigated could be classified in the same four distinct groups, namely ER+PR+, ER+PR-, ER-PR+, and ER-PR-. Each group is expected to exhibit a specific rate of response to endocrine therapy. No relation was found between the presence of steroid receptors and the type of tumor tissues (benign and primary tumors, recurrences or metastases), or the sex of the patients. Because of the small number of cases in each age group we could not correlate the levels of ER+ and PR+ with the age of the patients. Saturation analysis, competition studies and Scatchard analysis were performed in order to determine the characteristics of ER. Our data suggest that cutaneous melanoma cytosols contain a saturable, high affinity and low capacity, specific binding component for estradiol. Further investigations are required to show that estrogen responsive tissues are functional in either melanocytes or melanomas from any species.
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PMID:Estradiol and progesterone receptors in human cutaneous melanoma. 204 73

Cancer incidence in migrants to New South Wales (NSW) from individual countries within the British Isles has been compared with that in the Australian-born population using data from the NSW Central Cancer Registry for the period 1972-84. Indirectly age-standardised incidence ratios (SIR) showed that, for cancer at all sites combined, Scottish migrants had a significantly higher, and English migrants a lower, incidence than the native-born Australians. Melanoma of skin was less common in migrants from all four countries while lung cancer was more common. In all except the Irish migrants, stomach cancer was more frequent than in the Australian-born. Raised SIRs for bladder cancer were found in men from all the countries and for breast cancer in all except the Irish women but only in the English migrants were these ratios significant. English migrants differed from those from Wales, Scotland and Ireland in that, compared with the Australian-born, they had significantly lower SIRs for cancer of the colon (both sexes), head and neck, larynx and prostate (men), gallbladder and kidney (women), and a higher SIR for ovarian cancer. Bone cancer was relatively more common in men born in Wales. 'Other genital' cancers (penis and scrotum; vulva and vagina) tended to be more frequent in migrants from each country than in the Australian-born.
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PMID:Cancer incidence in migrants to New South Wales from England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. 225 32

Lower prevalence of non-reproductive system cancers among former college athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 250-253, 1989. The prevalence (lifetime occurrence) rates of cancers of nonreproductive organs and tissues were determined for 5,398 living alumnae, 2,622 of whom were former college athletes and 2,776 who had been nonathletes, from data on medical history, reproductive history, athletic training, and diet. The non-reproductive system cancers were divided into two classes: class I, which included cancers of the digestive system, thyroid, bladder, lung, and other sites and hematopoietic cancers (lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma, and Hodgkin's disease), and class II, which included skin cancers and cutaneous melanoma. The former college athletes had a significantly lower prevalence of class I cancers compared to the nonathletes; the age-adjusted relative risk (RR) equals 3.34, 95% confidence limits (1.35, 8.33), P = 0.009. In contrast, the prevalence rates of malignant melanomas and skin cancers did not differ significantly between the former athletes and nonathletes. The age-adjusted RR did not differ from 1.0. The lower prevalence rate of class I cancers among the former athletes is in accord with previous findings of a significantly lower prevalence rate of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes compared to nonathletes.
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PMID:Lower prevalence of non-reproductive system cancers among female former college athletes. 278 2

The risk of second primary cancers developing was evaluated in individuals with 6 rare tumors in Connecticut between 1935 and 1982. Small but significant excesses of all second cancers occurred in patients with cutaneous melanoma (42%), and cancers of the brain (59%), thyroid (49%), connective tissue (23%), bone (66%), and eye (40%). In individuals with cutaneous melanoma, the highest risks were for subsequent cutaneous melanomas [relative risk (RR) = 8.5] that persisted throughout all intervals of observation. The risk for second melanomas was higher in persons under age 40, consistent with a heritable component. Connective tissue tumors and breast cancers also occurred in excess. Among patients with brain cancer, an increase of melanoma was observed that may represent an underlying neural crest abnormality, although no excess of brain cancer was seen after melanoma. Reciprocal increases of bone cancer after connective tissue cancer and connective tissue cancer after bone cancer point to shared risk factors, such as high dose radiotherapy or genetic susceptibility states. An anticipated high risk of osteogenic sarcoma following Ewing's sarcoma was not seen. An excess of breast cancer (RR = 1.9) after thyroid cancer indicates common etiologic factors. Expected excesses of bilateral retinoblastoma and bone cancer after retinoblastoma were seen. Tumors commonly treated with alkylating agents or nitrosoureas (melanoma, brain, connective tissue) showed slightly elevated risks of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Prostate cancer was frequently found to be in excess, but this is likely an artifact due to ascertainment bias.
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PMID:Second cancer following cutaneous melanoma and cancers of the brain, thyroid, connective tissue, bone, and eye in Connecticut, 1935-82. 408 97

Second primary cancers were studied in persons with rare tumors between 1943 and 1980. The risk of developing a new cancer was evaluated in 7,211 persons with cutaneous melanoma, 1,784 persons with eye cancer, 10,273 persons with tumors of the brain and nervous system, 1,935 persons with thyroid cancer, 1,542 persons with bone tumors, and 2,318 persons with malignant neoplasms of the connective tissue. All cancer patients were diagnosed in Denmark between 1943 and 1980 and survived for 2 or more months. Nonmelanoma skin cancers were excluded from the analysis, whereas tumors of the brain and nervous system included both benign and malignant neoplasms. Overall, patients with these cancers showed no greater incidence of new tumors than expected from comparisons with the general population. An excess of chronic lymphocytic leukemia was observed subsequent to all cancers derived from the neural tube, i.e., melanoma and tumors of the eye, brain, and nervous system. Bone cancer occurred excessively, although the possibility of misclassified metastases could not be eliminated. Patients with tumors of the brain and nervous system who survived for 10 or more years developed significantly more cancers of the kidney and connective tissue and melanoma than anticipated. A deficit of second cancers of the digestive system was noted after primary bone and connective tissue cancers, in contrast to an excess of second cancers of the lung and kidney. Although based on few cases, patients with bone cancer showed a large excess of eye cancer as a second primary. The association between cancers of the breast and connective tissue was found to be bidirectional. Persons with connective tissue cancer were at increased risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Thyroid cancer patients were at high risk of subsequent tumors of the brain and nervous tissue and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, contrary to previous reports, the risk of breast cancer was not elevated following thyroid cancer.
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PMID:Second cancer following cutaneous melanoma and cancers of the brain, thyroid, connective tissue, bone, and eye in Denmark, 1943-80. 408 10

The administration of perioperative doxorubicin HCl (Adriamycin) had profound effects on wound healing for 5 out of 7 breast cancer patients and 5 of 5 melanoma patients following intravenous and intra-arterial infusional chemotherapy, respectively. The clinical observation of significant reduction in wound tear strength (WTS) and wound tear energy ( WTE ) in the group of patients with cutaneous melanoma initiated this experimental analysis. A study of WTS ( kNm -2) in nontumor-bearing (non-TB) and Morris Hepatoma (MH)-7777 (TB) rats treated with therapeutic doses of Adriamycin (ADR) and methotrexate (MTX) was compared with saline-treated controls. Mean tumor volume (cm3) was unaffected by MTX, while significant tumor inhibition (p less than 0.01) was evident for ADR-treated TB animals. A correlation (r = 0.516, p less than 0.01) was observed for tumor volume and WTS. Separate analysis of TB and non-TB animals identified a significant correlation (r = 0.6259, p less than 0.01) between advancing cachexia in TB rats and WTS. A 21-day analysis was done for 160 animals to determine the effect of MTX and ADR on WTS ( kNm -2) and WTE ( Ncm -1). The presence of MH-7777 significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced WTE for TB animals not treated with chemotherapy. TB animals treated with ADR had significant (p less than 0.01) improvement in WTE at day 21 compared with TB controls. This enhancement in WTE was not observed in rats treated with MTX. These clinical and experimental observations suggest significant retardation of the early phases of wound fibroplasia as determined by WTS and WTE following operative trauma and subsequent administration of therapeutic dosages of cytotoxic agents.
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PMID:Experimental and clinical observations of the effects of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs on wound healing. 673 17

Invasion through stromal extracellular matrix (ECM) is part of the complex, multistep process of tumour cell invasion and metastasis. Our group has previously demonstrated that calcium and calmodulin are important in another step in the metastatic cascade - that of attachment of cells to ECM. Interestingly, the non-steroidal anti-oestrogen tamoxifen (which also has calmodulin antagonist activity), used in the treatment of breast cancer and now in metastatic cutaneous melanoma, can inhibit the attachment of normal and neoplastic cells to ECM. In this study, we investigated whether such drugs, known to inhibit cell attachment, could also subsequently reduce their invasion through a layer of human fibronectin. We examined the ability of the specific calmodulin antagonist J8, tamoxifen and its two major metabolites, N-desmethyltamoxifen (N-des) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH), as well as the pure anti-oestrogen ICI 182,780 and 17beta-oestradiol to inhibit invasion of the human cutaneous melanoma cell line, A375-SM, uveal melanoma cells and uveal melanocytes. A375-SM cells and uveal melanoma cells showed a high level of invasion (15.2% and 33.7% respectively) compared with melanocytes (around 5%) under the experimental conditions used. Submicromolar concentrations of N-des, tamoxifen, J8 and 17beta-oestradiol significantly reduced the invasiveness of the A375-SM cell line. The uveal melanoma cells also showed similar inhibition, although at higher concentrations of these agents. 4-OH and ICI 182, 780 had little or no effect on invasion of A375-SM cells (these were not tested on uveal melanoma cells). All cells used in this study were found to be negative for type I nuclear oestrogen receptors, reinforcing the possibility that tamoxifen and 17beta-oestradiol can act via mechanisms unrelated to binding to classical oestrogen receptors to inhibit tumour cell invasion.
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PMID:Tamoxifen, 17beta-oestradiol and the calmodulin antagonist J8 inhibit human melanoma cell invasion through fibronectin. 906 8

Axillary dissection is the major cause of morbidity in breast cancer and primary cutaneous melanoma of the extremity. In the present study, we examine the potential benefits and advantages of endoscopic axillary lymph node dissection over conventional surgery. Twenty endoscopic axillary dissections and 10 lymph node samplings were performed in 10 cadavers (four male, six female). A preperitoneal distention balloon (PDB) system was used to dissect the axilla. In four of the cadavers, the procedure was followed by open surgery. The axillary contents were examined for lymphatic tissue by a pathologist. The endoscopic technique offered easy access to the axilla and clear visualization of the axillary vein, as well as the long thoracic and thoracodorsal nerves. Results were comparable to those achieved with the classic surgical dissection. Endoscopy is feasible for axillary lymph node dissection and sampling in cases of breast cancer and primary cutaneous melanoma of the extremity. Further studies in patients are needed to reach definitive conclusions.
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PMID:Minimally invasive surgery for axillary dissection. Cadaveric feasibility study. 956 74

Recent studies have demonstrated the possibility of identifying the sentinel lymph node (sN) as a reliable predictor of axillary lymph node status in both cutaneous melanoma and breast cancer. However, some important issues need further definition: (1) optimization of the technique for intraoperative detection of the sN; (2) predictive value of the sN as regards axillary lymph node status, and (3) reliability of intraoperative histology of the sN. We report our experience in sN mapping in patients with Stage I-II breast cancer, with the aim of assessing: (1) the feasibility of lymphatic mapping with a combined approach (vital blue dye lymphatic mapping and radioguided surgery); (2) the agreement of the intraoperative histologic examination of the sN, by means of hematoxylin and eosin staining with final histology, and (3) the accuracy of sN histology as a predictor of axillary lymph node status.
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PMID:Sentinel lymph node mapping opens a new perspective in the surgical management of early-stage breast cancer: a combined approach with vital blue dye lymphatic mapping and radioguided surgery. 982 86


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