Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The significance of cold lymphocytotoxins, observed at 15 degreesC, is not clearly understood at the present time. The frequency of their appearance has been studied in normal subjects (blood donors, aged people, vaccinated subjects, post-traumatic splenectomy) and in patients with a neurologic disease (multiple sclerosis), a neoplasic disease (breast cancer)and hematologic diseases (thrombocytopenia, acute leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, Hodgkin disease and systemic lupus erythematosus). There are no antibodies found in the geriatric group; they are found only in 3,9 % of blood donors and in 18 % of the subjects after vaccinations. A range of 17 to 30 % is found in subjects with breast cancer or multiple sclerosis. More than 50 % of the individuals with Hodgkin disease or lupus erythematosus produce these antibodies (52 % and 73 % respectively). In acute leukemias and chronic lymphatic leukemias, lymphocytotoxic antibodies sometimes appear at 37 degrees, reacting with autologous cells and having no HL-A specificity.
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PMID:[Cold lymphocytotoxins: their relationship with various physiological and pathological conditions]. 108 28

It has been thought that there is a particular balance between interferon and humoral immunity in the specific antiviral activity exerted by these systems. A possible relationship has been observed between some interferon-related proteins and the interferon serum level and a predictive significance can be assigned to MxA protein regarding the progression of some haematological malignancies. Both natural and recombinant interferon have been shown to be effective in the treatment of T-cell cutaneous lymphoma and the myeloma cell expression of Bcl-2 oncoprotein correlates to the response to interferon therapy in multiple myeloma patients. It has been thought that the combined therapy including interferon and cis-retinoic acid might be effective in the therapy of metastatic melanoma and breast cancer, whereas the combination of interferon with other chemotherapeutic agents appears to be effective in the treatment of hepatocellular cancer. It has been confirmed that interferon-alpha is useful in the therapy of chronic hepatitis C and a better knowledge regarding the mechanism of action of beta interferon in the therapy of multiple sclerosis has been acquired. Finally, a remarkable report regards the effectiveness of interferon in the therapy of idiopatic dilated cardiomiopathy.
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PMID:[Clinical use of interferon]. 911 15

The continuing search for genetic loci which may influence multiple sclerosis susceptibility has probably been more complex and exciting than Spielman and Nathanson (4) could have imagined in 1982. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms no longer represent the "cutting edge" of technology. This entire area of research has gained incredible impetus with advances in molecular genetics and the advent of the "Human Genome Project." Readers must be cautioned that identification of a gene does not equate with a cure. Nevertheless, we are entering into a very exciting era with respect to the genetics and treatment of common complex disorders such as breast cancer, Alzheimer disease, and multiple sclerosis. Given the increasing awareness of the public about the role of genetics in the etiology of such disorders, a better understanding is needed of the legal, social, ethical, and psychologic implications of genetic research in multiple sclerosis.
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PMID:Genetic epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. 936 Sep 7

Feeding of breast milk in the first weeks of life appears to have a strong protective effect against necrotising enterocolitis. Nevertheless breast milk also seems to be positively linked to the development of jaundice and to late haemorrhagic disease in infants who have not received vitamin K supplements. There is no consistent evidence that other childhood conditions such as insulin dependent diabetes or cancer are less prevalent among children who have been breast fed. Among adult conditions suggested to be less prevalent in the breast fed, only single reports of significant findings for multiple sclerosis and breast cancer exist and convincing corroboration is not available. There are a number of studies that indicate a relationship between breast feeding and later cholesterol levels--and one that has considered the mortality of ischaemic heart disease among adult males. There is some suggestion that breast feeding (during the first year of life) is the optimal protection against future raised lipid levels and mortality from coronary heart disease, but the evidence is far from conclusive. The major health advantage of breast feeding that has been clearly demonstrated remains in the protection of the infant from certain infections in early life. If there are other long-term health advantages they have yet to be fully elucidated and confirmed.
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PMID:Does breast feeding have any impact on non-infectious, non-allergic disorders? 936 22

Genes underlie numerous human diseases and traits. Although we have witnessed a great deal of success in identifying disease-susceptible genes, the task remains challenging for most of the complex diseases. This paper reviews evidence for the role of genetic factors in complex diseases including breast cancer, diabetes and multiple sclerosis. We then describe strategies that can potentially optimize our chance of success in identifying genes involved in complex diseases. Advances in molecular biology, particularly mapping of the human genome, statistical methods that provide more accurate models of complex patterns of inheritance, and basic medical science, which have increased our understanding of disease pathophysiology, will ultimately strengthen the ability of the current generation of genetic epidemiological studies to identify the genetic basis of complex human disorders.
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PMID:Strategies to identify genes for complex diseases. 956 15

The apolipoprotein genetic polymorphism (APO E) is part of a broader paradigm, highlighting the role of gene-environment interactions as risk factors for human diseases such as cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, peripheral artery disease, diabetes, stroke, and most recently, cancer. APO E, a normal constituent of very-low-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins, is involved in many functions, including lipid metabolism, cholesterol transport, tissue repair, immune response and regulation, as well as cell growth and differentiation. The location, frequency and functional effects of this gene have been reviewed elsewhere in terms of cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, neuromuscular disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke and diabetes. However, while the majority of studies have examined the significance of APO E as a molecular marker for a variety of diseases in multiethnic populations, few evaluate its role as a putative marker of cancer susceptibility. Fewer explore the importance of APO E on the risk of breast cancer, although some report an association. None have been designed to study its relevance as a marker of breast cancer risk in multiethnic populations. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the association between APO E and the risk for breast cancer in non-Hispanic white and African-American women.
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PMID:Apolipoprotein E and the risk of breast cancer in African-American and non-Hispanic white women. A review. 1513 59

This epidemiologic investigation comprised separate studies of the risk of cancer, cause-specific mortality rates, risks for neurodegenerative diseases, and the risk of arrhythmia-related heart disease among employees exposed to extremely low-frequency (50-Hz) electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the Danish utility industry. All the employees in this industry were followed-up in several registers. The risk of disease was analyzed in relation to occupational exposure to EMF, latency, and duration of employment. A specific job-exposure matrix was developed and validated by comparison with direct measurements of EMF during a workday. Linkage with the Danish Cancer Register did not identify increased risks for the cancers suggested a priori to be associated with exposure to EMF, including leukemia, brain tumors, and breast cancer. Significantly increased risks for lung cancer and mesothelioma were identified for workers highly exposed to asbestos. Linkage with the National Mortality Register revealed a significantly increased overall mortality rate from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with an increasing trend with duration of employment and EMF exposure. In addition, a significantly increased mortality rate from electric accidents was observed. It was hypothesized that the observation of increased mortality from ALS was associated with exposure to EMF or electric shocks. No increased mortality rate from cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease was observed. Linkage with the National Hospital Register also revealed an increased risk of ALS and, thereby confirmed the finding of an increased mortality rate for this disease in the previous study. Linkage of the cohort with the Multiple Sclerosis Register revealed an increased risk of multiple sclerosis, which was not, however, significant. Linkage with the Pacemaker Register showed no increased risk of severe arrhythmia-related heart disease. The second part of the study included the establishment of a large, nationwide cohort of mobile phone subscribers comprising some 420 000 persons. No increased risk was observed for the cancers considered a priori to be possibly associated with the radiofrequency fields emitted by mobile phones, which were brain tumors, including acoustic neuroma, salivary gland tumors, and leukemia. The data were analyzed by duration of phone use, latency, system used (NMT, GSM or both) and age at first subscription. A study of the incidence of ocular malignant melanoma in comparison with the annual increase among the mobile phone subscribers showed a highly stable incidence rate for this rare cancer in Denmark over close to 50 years of registration. On the basis of these studies and the scientific literature, it is concluded that occupational exposure to 50-Hz EMF is not associated with an increased risk of cancer, but that these fields, electric shocks, or some other unknown factor related to alternating current electricity may be associated with the risk of ALS. There is no clear evidence that 50-Hz EMF is associated with other neurodegenerative or cardiovascular diseases. At present, there is little, if any, evidence that the use of mobile phones is associated with cancer in adults, including brain tumors, acoustic neuroma, cancer of the salivary glands, leukemia, or malignant melanoma of the eye.
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PMID:Electromagnetic fields and health effects--epidemiologic studies of cancer, diseases of the central nervous system and arrhythmia-related heart disease. 1525 60

Wyeth (formerly American Home Products) is developing temsirolimus [Cell cycle inhibitor-779, CCI 779], an ester analogue of sirolimus, for the treatment of cancer, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Temsirolimus binds to the cytosolic protein, FKBP, which subsequently inhibits mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). Inhibition of mTOR blocks a number of signal transduction pathways that suppress translation of several key proteins regulating the cell cycle. These effects lead to a cell cycle block at the G1 phase. In animal models of human cancers, temsirolimus inhibited the growth of a diverse range of cancer types even when an intermittent dosing schedule was used. The compound also appears to have potential for the blockade of inflammatory responses associated with autoimmune and rheumatic diseases by inhibiting T-cell proliferation. On 11 March 2002, American Home Products changed its name and the name of its subsidiary Wyeth-Ayerst to Wyeth. During the first half of 2004, Wyeth initiated ongoing recruitment into a US phase III trial comparing orally administered temsirolimus plus letrozole versus letrozole alone as first-line treatment among approximately 1200 postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. The multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial is estimated to last 34 months. All subjects will have the option of participating in the long-term follow-up phase of the trial that involves follow-up every 3 months until disease progression; the primary endpoint is overall progression-free survival. In August 2004, the US FDA granted temsirolimus fast-track status for the first-line treatment of poor-prognosis patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Previously in March 2002, temsirolimus received fast-track status from the FDA for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma in patients who failed to respond to interleukin-2 treatment. Wyeth intends to file a NDA for temsirolimus for this indication by 2006. Researchers from Wyeth presented the findings from a preclinical study of temsirolimus at the 67th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology and the 38th Annual Meeting Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals (ACR/ARHP-2003) [Orlando, FL, USA; October 2003]. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of temsirolimus on lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. Since lymphocytes and cytokines are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, temsirolimus could have disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) activity against rheumatoid arthritis via the inhibition of these factors. According to Wyeth's investor presentation in June 2004, the patent covering temsirolimus is due for expiry in 2014.
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PMID:Temsirolimus: CCI 779, CCI-779, cell cycle inhibitor-779. 1556 43

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been linked to reduced rates of cancer prior to the era of immunomodulating treatments. We assessed the incidence of cancer in a cohort of 1338 MS patients and evaluated the effect of exposure to immunomodulatory treatment. Cancer incidence in the MS population was compared with the expected age- and gender-matched incidence rates in the Israeli population for the period 1960-2003. Time-dependant Cox model analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios for glatiramer acetate, beta-interferons (1a and 1-b) and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg). Among 892 female MS patients, 15 (1.7%) developed breast cancer, and 31 (3.5%) developed cancers of any type. Seventeen of 446 (3.8%) male MS patients developed cancer. The standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) computed until the time of first immunomodulatory treatment were 0.60 (95% CI, 0.38-0.92, p = 0.02) for all female cancer, and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.64-1.91) for all male cancer. Time-dependent covariate analyses for female breast cancer yielded a relative risk for glatiramer acetate of 3.10 (95% CI, 0.86-11.1) and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.07-4.05) for beta-interferons. For IVIg, the analyses were uninformative. Our findings indicate that cancer incidence is significantly lower in female MS patients than in the general population. Female MS patients treated with glatiramer acetate showed an elevated rate of breast cancer and all MS patients treated with beta-interferons showed an elevated risk of non-breast cancers though not statistically significant (p = 0.122 and 0.072, respectively). Further study is needed to assess possible associations between long-term exposure to the novel immunomodulatory treatments in MS and rate of cancer.
Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005 Feb
PMID:Cancer incidence in multiple sclerosis and effects of immunomodulatory treatments. 1575 25

Epidemiologic studies increasingly have demonstrated a correlation between physical inactivity and certain chronic diseases. Already in the 1970s exercise programs for cardiovascular patients were established, whereas in other severe chronic illnesses such as breast cancer or multiple sclerosis exposure to physical stress seemed to be a contraindication. Today there is a grow ing body of evidence demonstrating positive physical as well as psychic effects of exercise training in patients with these diseases. These studies are summarized and complementary studies of our group are described in more detail. In patients with breast cancer we were able to demonstrate persistent psychosocial effects even 1 year after completion of the training program. In patients with multiple sclerosis we could confirm an induction of neurotrophic factors in trained individuals. Correspondingly, there is accumulating evidence showing positive effects of exercise on cognitive function, especially in the aged. Potential pathophysiological pathways regarding a progression to dementia are presented. Consequently exercise programs could play a pivotal role in the prevention and therapy of the cognitive decline in the aged in an aging society.
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PMID:[Effects of exercise in chronically ill patients. Examples from oncology and neurology]. 1608 2


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