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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum prolactin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassays in 98 patients with established carcinoma of breast, 12 patients with cystic mastitis and 10 patients with gynaecomastia and compared with that of age matched normal control women. The serum prolactin levels in the patients with breast cancer, gynaecomastia or cystic mastitis were observed to be similar to that in normal women. It was interesting to note that the levels of prolactin in the luteal phase of the cycle were higher than that in the early follicular phase in normal women.
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PMID:Circulating levels of prolactin in human breast cancer. 0 74

A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for human alpha-lactalbumin, a milk protein, has been developed in order to examine the effect of prolactin on the human breast in normal and diseased states. Samples of milk from nursing mothers and from men and women with galactorrhea were found to contain milligram concentrations of this protein. In serum, 8 of 25 normal men and 18 of 44 normal women had detectable concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin. Significantly higher levels of alpha-lactalbumin were found in 17 of 19 women during pregnancy who were not actively lactating. All nursing mothers were found to have distinctly elevated serum alpha-lactalbumin concentrations. In a group of 17 female patients with phenothiazine induced prolactin elevations (mean 29.4 ng/ml), the mean serum alpha-lactalbumin of 17.3 ng/ml was significantly higher than in normal female volunteers. Patients with gynecomastia were not noted to have elevated alpha-lactalbumin. In vitro, homogenates of normal breast and carcinoma tissue from the same individuals revealed that in 9 of 17 patients alpha-lactalbumin was present in higher concentrations in normal than in cancerous tissue. Overall, alpha-lactalbumin was found in 48.5% of homogenates and 41% of organ cultures of normal breast tissue from cancer patients. In contrast, it was present in only 19% of homogenates and 21% of cultures of carcinoma tissue, indicating that the cancer tissue may lose its ability to produce alpha-lactalbumin. Differences in biologic behavior were found in some tumors. In 2 cases homogenates of breast cancer tissue had much higher concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin than the normal tissue, and in 3 of 33 tumors studied in organ culture prolactin increased alpha-lactalbumin output.
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PMID:Studies on human alpha-lactalbumin: radioimmunoassay measurements in normal human breast and breast cancer. 2 54

From 1949 through 1976, 97 men have been treated at Memorial Hospital for primary operable breast cancer. Seven per cent had intraductal carcinoma. Of the patients with invasive carcinoma 30% were pathologic stage I, 54% stage II, and 16% stage III. Fourty-six per cent had pathologically negative axillary lymph nodes. The most common type of tumor was infiltrating duct carcinoma. Fourty per cent of the patients had microscopic gynecomastia. None of the eight patients with intraductal or intracystic carcinoma died of cancer. Survival of the entire group of men with invasive carcinoma was 40% after ten years. The ten year survival for men with negative nodes was 79%, for men with positive nodes 11%. Comparison with a series of 304 women with breast cancer operated on at Memorial Hospital in 1960 revealed no difference with regard to incidence of positive axillary lymph nodes or stage of disease. There was, however, a significantly lower survival rate for men. This poorer prognosis was limited to those men with pathologically positive axillary nodes.
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PMID:Male breast cancer: a clinicopathologic study of 97 cases. 20 72

In 19 of 39 patients suffering from gynecomastia, between 1967 and 1979 aspiration biopsy cytology and surgery was performed by the author. Atypia and precancerous lesions accompanied by an advanced stage of epithelial proliferation were found in two cases, in two other ones, in addition to the above mentioned lesions, breast cancer was discovered. The myoepithelial elements observed cytologically and histologically are important pathognomonic signs in theses patients. In spite of the few cases, the precancerous nature of gynecomastia, primarily in its proliferative forms, manifests itself.
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PMID:[(Gynecomastia as precancerous lesion: aspiration biopsy cytology and its histology)]. 23 50

Radiologic investigation of the male breast has given us a better knowledge of its physiopathology. We have reviewed more than 100 cases of breast tumors in male patients. We wish to describe the radiologic presentation of these lesions, the commonest of which is gynecomastia, to distinguish between cancer and gynecomastia, and to compare male breast cancer with female breast cancer. Examination of the breast in man is important. In the adolescent with an enlarged breast, examination may reveal a testicular tumor, whereas in the adult, where a malignant tumor of the breast must excluded, mammography is particularly helpful.
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PMID:Radiology of breast tumors in the male. 92 64

The disease male breast cancer has been evaluated on the basis of data concerning 265 cases registered in Denmark over the period from 1 January 1943 to 1 July 1972. The data were obtained by review of hospital records, survey of microscopic preparations and examinations of surviving patients. The results are compared to results reported in the literature. The recent material is the second largest series hitherto published. Male breast cancer comprises 0.8 per cent of all cases of breast cancer in Denmark. The average age at establishment of diagnosis was 65.2 years in 257 cases of breast carcinoma, which is considerably higher than that found in women. The duration of symptoms in breast cancer is considerably longer in males than in females, 16 per cent having a duration of symptoms of 2 years or more. In only 13 per cent was a palpable tumour the only symptom on admission. Twenty-seven percent had ulceration. Ulceration and fixation to the underlying tissue are not, as commonly presumed, early symptoms in male breast cancer. According to the TNM classification, 35 per cent of 253 cases were in clinical stage I, 11 per cent in stage II, 42 per cent in stage III, and 12 per cent in stage IV. Duration of symptoms and histological grade of malignancy were of significant importance or the stage on admission. Assessed on the basis of the distribution into stages, the clinical appearance of the disease showed a significant improvement from the period 1943-1957 to the period 1958-1972. Attempts should be made to differentiate the disease from gynecomastia which is much more frequent. Only during the early stages of breast cancer, however, will there be differential diagnostic problems as the majority of patients do not present themselves until unequivocal clinical signs of malignancy are present. The series has been reviewed with regard to the presence of gynecomastia. Certain facts appear to support the theory that gynecomastia may be a premalignant state. A series of 30 patients with breast cancer were screened for the Klinefelter syndrome. One positive case was found. By pooling series of male breast cancer, in which such screening has been made, it was found that the incidence of the Klinefelter syndrome is higher among men with breast cancer than in the normal male population. Calculated on the basis of the general public were better informed about the existence of this disease and the value of its early diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis should undoubtedly by improved.
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PMID:Male breast cancer. 113 36

beta-Casein genes expression in breast epithelium was studied in male patients with various forms of gynecomastia and cancer. Blood serum levels of pituitary, sex and glucocorticoid hormones were assayed in 29 patients with gynecomastia and 22 cases of breast cancer, and in 25 of them beta-casein genes expression was evaluated additionally. Activation of the above genes was established in the tissues studied. Their level proved to be in a correlation with that of prolactin.
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PMID:[The determination of beta-casein gene expression and the assessment of hormonal homeostasis in gynecomastia patients and in breast cancer in men]. 130 Jul 68

Biologic properties of breast cancer in men that might reflect alterations in pathogenesis from the disease in women were examined. We studied 22 tumors from males, 18 invasive carcinomas, three of which were papillary, and three in situ tumors of which one was papillary, and one papilloma. Our data support the previously reported high incidence of papillary carcinoma in men. Estrogen receptor status and the expression of cancer-associated antigens recognized by antibodies DF3, B73.2, SP-1, and c-erbB-2 were compared to matched tumors from females. Immunocytochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections using standard avidin-biotin techniques; anti-PSA was used to exclude the possibility of metatastic prostate cancer, and 12 cases of gynecomastia were included as nonmalignant controls. The incidence of estrogen receptor positivity was higher in tumors from males (73%) than from females (54%), as has been reported previously. The range of expression of all breast cancer antigens tested in male tumors was similar to that observed in females, but some interesting differences were noted. With the exception of the anti-mucin DF3, all the antibodies reacted only with neoplastic tissues. Expression of the oncoprotein c-erbB-2 was lower (17%) in males than in females (33%), despite the preponderance in men of the large-cell type carcinomas that have been associated with c-erbB-2 expression. Unexpectedly, the pregnancy-associated hormone detected by SP-1 was expressed in 33% of tumors from males and, in contrast to females, was found in less differentiated tumors.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical characterization of male breast cancer. 136 97

Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays using the monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) B72.3 and B6.2, recognizing two distinct and independently expressed breast tumor-associated antigens (BTAAs), recently have been shown to significantly improve the accuracy of cytodiagnosis of breast nodules by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). To evaluate whether the same method may be useful diagnostically in distinguishing gynecomastia from breast cancer in men, a retrospective avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase assay study was performed on 50 cases of gynecomastia and 30 cases of breast carcinoma in men, using a panel of five MoAbs known to recognize different BTAAs. The results of this study demonstrated that MoAbs B1.1, HMFG2, and MBr1 displayed a strong reactivity with gynecomastia and carcinoma, but MoAbs B72.3 and B6.2 separated benign and malignant lesions in a high percentage of cases. When used in combination, the latter two reagents reacted with 96% of the carcinomas that were analyzed but labeled only 67% of gynecomastia cases. Thus, the conjoint use of these two reagents may enhance the use of FNA biopsy as a valuable tool in the presurgical diagnosis of breast nodules in men.
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PMID:Potential use of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnostic distinction of gynecomastia from breast carcinoma in men. 171 40

This updated literature review on heterosteroids and drug research has information on chemical structure, pharmacology, and effects. It first discusses the anti-inflammatory heterosteroids, such as mometasone furoate and cortivazol. It also covers heterosteroidal antimineralocorticoids and anabolic hetero derivatives. The review discusses at length the 19-norsteroid, mifepristone (RU-486), which exhibits antiprogestational activity and is being used for fertility control in women. It also has antiglucocorticoid activity and shows promise as a treatment of diseases characterized by muscle atrophy. In vitro studies indicate that mifepristone inhibits growth of breast cancer cell lines and of endometrial cancer cell lines. It has already exhibited growth inhibitory effects in some breast cancer patients. Discussions of mifepristone's pharmacokinetics and structural modifications of mifepristone follow. Danazol is an antigonadotropin and is used to treat endometriosis, benign breast disease, precocious puberty, hereditary angioneurotic edema, menorrhagia, some types of infertility, and gynecomastia. Danazol effects considerable changes in lipid metabolism. Other hormonal, antihormonal, and/or antifertility heterosteroids and/or aspects include androgen antagonists (e.g., cyproterone acetate), estrogen activity, antiestrogens, STS-557, and oximinosteroids. Heterosteroidal inhibitors of steroid hormone biosynthesis discussed are aromatase inhibitors, 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors (trilostane, epostane, and azastene). Heterosteroids affect the cardiovascular system, including the cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmic agents, and antilipemic agents. Some heterosteroids affect central nervous system activity (e.g., RU-5135 causes convulsions in rodents). Pancuronium analogues and chandonium and analogues are neuromuscular blocking azasteroids. In addition to danazol and RU-486, several other antineoplastic heterosteroids exist (e.g., estramustine phosphate sodium, a prostate cancer drug).
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PMID:Heterosteroids and drug research. 184 48


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