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Query: UMLS:C0006142 (breast cancer)
 160,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The existence of CMI to tumor-associated antigens present in 3 M KCl extracts of breast carcinomas was demonstrated in a group of breast cancer patients by the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay. When crude KCl extracts were tested, 3 of 5 breast cancer patients gave a positive response to autologous tumor extracts. Eleven of 20 gave a positive response to allogeneic extracts as compared to 3 of 22 controls (including 6 patients with benign breast disease, 7 with non-mammary cancers and 9 normal controls). Extracts of fibrocystic disease tissue gave positive LMI tests in 2 of 5 breast cancer patients, suggesting the presence of antigenic cross-reactivity between benign and malignant breast disease. An extract of a medullary carcinoma of breast was fractionated on Sephadex G-200 and the effluent pooled into three fractions. The high molecular weight fraction produced LMI in 11 of 22 breast cancer patients and in 1 of 19 controls, including patients with benign breast disease, other cancers and normal individuals. The low molecular weight fraction produced LMI in both the benign (4 of 6) and the malignant breast disease (6 of 20) patients, but not in the controls (0 of 12). A simple fractionation technique has thus separated "cancer-specific" from "organ-specific" activity. Sephadex G-200 fractions were active at a much lower protein concentration than the crude 3 M KCl extracts.
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PMID:Inhibition of leukocyte migration by human breast-cancer-associated antigens. 6 21

One hundred ninety-six whole human breasts were examined by a subgross sampling technique with histologic confirmation. The method permitted the enumeration and identification of essentially all the focal dysplastic, metaplastic, hyperplastic, anaplastic, and neoplastic lesions. Of the 196, 119 were suitable for complete quantitative morphologic analysis of the focal lesions by type. They consisted of 67 breasts obtained by autopsy, 29 cancerous breasts obtained by mastectomy, and 23 contralateral to those with cancer. All lesions, photographed subgrossly, were subsequently confirmed and correlated histologically. Morphologic evidence supported the hypothesis that most lesions traditionally grouped as mammary dysplasia or fibrocystic disease, including apocrine cysts, sclerosing adenosis, fibroadenomas, various forms of lobules (sclerotic, dilated, hypersecretory, hyperplastic, atypical, or anaplastic), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), arose in terminal ductal-lobular units (TDLU) or in the lobules themselves. A probable exception was papilloma of ducts larger than terminal ones. Isolated foci of DCIS within the TDLU were seen in 40% of cancerous breasts, which indicated that the disease often was multifocal. Of the contralateral breasts, the 60% with clinical cancer contained such lesions, and data were in accord with the clinically known fact that women with previous breast cancer have a high rate of the disease in the remaining one. An atypical lobule (AL) of type A (ALA) had the following characteristics: a) It was more common in cancerous breasts or in those contralateral to cancer than in breasts not so identified; b) it had lobular morphology and was a terminal structure on the mammary tree; c) it tended to persist after the menopause, whereas normal lobules usually atrophied; d) it variable degrees of anaplasia forming an arbitrary continuum from normal lobules to ductal carcinoma in situ; and e) as ALA progressed to DCIS, the unfolded lobule resembled a duct which gave the false impression that DCIS was a ductal lesion. The morphologic evidence supported that hypothesis that the lesions herein called AL were derived from TDLU and were precancerous.
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PMID:An atlas of subgross pathology of the human breast with special reference to possible precancerous lesions. 16 69

Thirty-two scirrhous cancers of breast have been examined to determine the origin of the collagen stroma in these tumours. Employing two immunohistochemical techniques it has been shown that the malignant epithelial cells in 30 of these tumours contain not only collagen but also prolyl hydroxylase, a key enzyme in collagen biosynthesis. Neither this enzyme nor collagen was detectable in the spindle cells in the stroma of these tumours. Neither the epithelium in normal breast, that in fibrocystic disease and in fibroadenomata, nor the malignant epithelium in two medullary cancers of breast contained either collagen or prolyl hydroxylase. These results strongly suggest that the malignant epithelium of scirrhous breast cancers produces its own collagen stroma and that the scirrhous reaction in these tumours is not a host response to tumour invasion. The production of collagen and prolyl hydroxylase by breast cancer cells (of the scirrhous type) therefore represents another example of inappropriate protein production by a human tumour.
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PMID:Inappropriate production of collagen and prolyl hydroxylase by human breast cancer cells in vivo. 16 65

Specimens of benign breast disease obtained from biopsies performed at Vanderbilt Hospital (Nashville, Tenn.) between 1952 and 1959 were histologically reviewed and characterized as to individual component types of fibrocystic disease. Follow-up for information regarding breast cancer development was 94% successful. Carcinoma developed more often when epithelial proliferative lesions were present. Atypical lobular hyperplasia had a greater predictive value than other epithelial lesions and was associated with an elevated risk six times that expected prior to the age of 45 years and a tripling of risk after the age of 45 years. Various ductal hyperplastic lesions are associated with approximately a doubly increased risk that is present only if the lesions are identified at biopsy after the age of 45 years. Women with cysts, sclerosing adenosis, fibrosis, and other nonhyperplastic changes were at no greater risk for subsequent carcinoma than women in the general population.
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PMID:Relation between component parts of fibrocystic disease complex and breast cancer. 27 11

Levels of circulating T lymphocytes sensitized to breast tumour associated antigens (BTA) were correlated with pathological tumour stage or benign histopathology in preoperative studies of 180 patients by the antigen-stimulated active rosette-forming T cell (AgARFC) assay. Incubation of lymphocytes with allogeneic BTA extracts produced increased AgARFC compared with incubation without BTA. Significant levels of BTA-sensitive T cells were found in 78 per cent of breast cancer patients compared with 23 per cent of patients with benign disease (P less than 0.0005, by X2). Over 93 per cent of stage I cancer patients responded to BTA, compared with 69 per cent of stage II patients (P less than 0.025) and 59 per cent of stages III-IV patients (P less than 0.005). Twenty-nine per cent of 42 patients with fibrocystic disease were positive to BTA in contrast to 8 per cent of 25 patients with fibroadenomas. This was a 3.6-fold higher incidence of BTA-sensitive T cells associated with fibrocystic disease than with fibroadenomas, which was in agreement with the increased breast cancer risk rate associated with fibrocystic disease. These findings suggest that the AgARFC assay may detect early malignant change in fibrocystic disease. The AgARFC assay was found to reliably detect early invasive carcinoma.
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PMID:Circulating breast tumour antigen-sensitive T lymphocytes in early breast cancer and high risk benign breast disease. 31 7

A comprehensive review of what was known of the epidemiology of breast cancer as of the early 1970s was published by MacMahon et al. in 1973. This review covers the major aspects of the epidemiology of breast cancer included in the 1973 review and, additionally, emphasizes recently reported work. Attention is directed to the following: magnitude of the problem in the U.S.; demographic characteristics of breast cancer cases; international variation; laterality of breast cancer; reproductive variables; benign breast diseases; multiple primary cancers involving the breast and other sites; familial aggregation and genetics; endogenous hormones (estrogens, progesterone, prolactin, androgens, and thyroid); exogenous estrogens; diet; body build; radiation; exposure to radiation in screening for breast cancer; mammographic parenchymal patterns; viruses; other exposures of current interest (reserpine, hair dyes); and breast cancer in males. The high incidence and mortality rates and the detrimental impact on the quality of life of those affected indicate that breast cancer in the U.S. continues to be a serious problem for women. An annual age-adjusted incidence rate of 84.9/100,000 women was reported for the 1973-1976 years; the annual age-adjusted mortality rate among women in the U.S. was 27.7/100,000 over this same time period. From these figures, it may be estimated that each year in the U.S. almost 100,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed, and over 30,000 deaths occur. Age specific incidence rates increase rapidly with age until about 45-50 years of age, after which they continue to increase but at a slower rate. In addition to age, a few other risk factors, including a history of bilateral premenopausal breast cancer in a 1st degree relative, a history of breast cancer in the contralateral breast, and residence from an early age in North America compared to Asia, are associated with large relative risks. Other risk factors, including whether or not an oophorectomy has been performed, age at 1st birth, a history of fibrocystic disease, previous exposure to high levels of radiation in the chest, socioeconomic status, obesity, and a previous cancer in the ovary or endometrium are associated with relative risks of at least 2 but less than 4-fold. Finally, age at menarche, age at menopause, marital status, place of residence, and the white compared to the black race are associated with small but real differentials in risk.
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PMID:A review of the epidemiology of human breast cancer. 39 70

The pathologic diagnosis of 282 consecutive breast lesions seen in 255 black patients over a 3-year period (January 1975-December 1977) at Harlem Hospital Center were reviewed and analyzed. The most common lesion was fibroadenoma, accounting for 34.7% of all lesions and 48% of benign breast lesions, followed by carcinoma (28%) and fibrocystic disease (17%). Other major benign breast lesions in order of frequency were intraductal papilloma, sclerosing adenosis, chronic mastitis, and fat necrosis. One each of the following rare lesions was observed: papillomatosis, ducatal ectasia, cystosarcoma phylloides, and granular cell tumor. Multiple lesions were found in 1 or both breasts in 15% of all benign breast disease cases, with fibroadenoma being the most common lesion. 94% of the patients presented with a breast mass, 5% with nipple discharge, 5% with pain, and 2% with a history of trauma to the breast. The lesions varied in size from 0.5-10 cm, and had been present for a few days to 20 years before medical treatment was sought. The upper quadrant of the breast was the most common site for lesions. Peak age incidence for all benign breast lesions was 20-35 years; for fibroadenoma, peak age incidence was 16-25 years and for fibrocystic disease, 40-50 years. The surgical literature shows that in a predominantly white population, peak age of incidence for benign lesions is 30-49 years; this disparity in age distribution may be due to the high percentage of adolescent patients with fibroadenoma in the Harlem Hospital series. Median age of patients with breast carcinoma in this series is 61 years. 24 patients (13.7%) with benign breast disease had taken oral contraceptives before the breast biopsies were performed. However, the study population is to small and follow-up time to short to draw any conclusion regarding the relation of oral contraceptive use to the subsequent development of breast cancer. This study shows that compared to the white population, fibroadenoma is more frequent than cancer in black women while cancer is more frequent than fibroadenoma in white women.
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PMID:Analysis of benign breast lesions in blacks. 45 72

Fibrocystic disease is the most common type of lesion in the female breast. It is a common dumping ground for a variety of distinct clinical and histologic entities which require different modalities of therapy and which have different malignant transformation potentials. In general, fibrocystic disease is managed medically unless a dominant lump or other adverse symptom develops, in which case a biopsy is performed. The exception to this rule is a cyst which can be safely aspirated under controlled conditions. If, on biopsy, one of the histologic types of fibrocystic disease called "precancerous mastopathy" is found, which has a high potential for malignant transformation, then serious consideration must be given to definitive surgical procedures, especially if the patient has other risk factors that would increase her risk of developing breast cancer even further.
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PMID:Fibrocystic disease of the breast. 46 65

Epidemiological studies show a lower frequency of fibrocystic breast disease among long-term users of oral contraceptives than among women who have never used them. Fibrocystic disease may be a precursor of breast cancer; yet the incidence of breast cancer does not appear to differ between pill-takers and nontakers. To resolve this conflict, we examined the problem from a histologic standpoint in 205 premenopausal women, and found that this decreased frequency applied only to fibrocystic disease in which epithelial atypia was minimal or absent. In women with marked atypia there was no significant difference in frequency among long-term users as compared to women who have never used oral contraceptives. These findings suggest that a spectrum of cystic disease exists and that the long-term use of oral contraceptives protects against the forms of fibrocystic disease that are not firmly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but not against the premalignant forms.
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PMID:Fibrocystic breast disease in oral-contraceptive users. A histopathological evaluation of epithelial atypia. 56 53

Cowden's diseases features facial trichilemmomas (a benign tumor of follicular epithelium), acral keratoses on the limbs, and oral mucosal papillomas and fibromas; it may also involve thyroid, gastrointestinal tract, ovaries, uterus, and breasts. Among 32 known cases of Cowden's disease, 21 are women, in 10 of whom breast cancer has already developed (bilateral in 4). The 11 women in whom breast cancer has not yet developed have fibroadenomas, fibrocystic disease, virginal hypertrophy of the breast, and malformations of nipples and areolae. Their median age is only 36 years. Two have mothers with breast cancer and in one both mother and maternal grandmother had breast cancer. Dermatologic lesions, including pathognomonic multiple facial trichilemmomas, precede the development of malignancy and can identify women with ahigh risk of developing breast cancer.
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PMID:Cowden's disease: a cutaneous marker of breast cancer. 65 3


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