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Query: UMLS:C0005940 (bone disease)
 7,459 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In two independent and separate studies, we have shown that renal injury and chronic kidney disease (CKD) directly inhibit skeletal anabolism, and that stimulation of bone formation decreased the serum phosphate. In the first study, the serum Ca PO(4), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitriol were maintained normal after renal ablation in mice, and even mild renal injury equivalent to stage 3 CKD decreased bone formation rates. More recently, these observations were rediscovered in low-density lipoprotein receptor null (LDLR-/-) mice fed high-fat/cholesterol diets, a model of the metabolic syndrome (hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance). We demonstrated that these mice have vascular calcification (VC) of both the intimal atherosclerotic type and medial calcification. We have also shown that VC is made worse by CKD and ameliorated by bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7). The finding that high-fat fed LDLR-/- animals with CKD had hyperphosphatemia which was prevented in BMP-7-treated animals lead us to examine the skeletons of these mice. It was found that significant reductions in bone formation rates were associated with high-fat feeding, and superimposing CKD resulted in the adynamic bone disorder (ABD), while VC was made worse. The effect of CKD to decrease skeletal anabolism (decreased bone formation rates and reduced number of bone modelling units) occurred despite secondary hyperparathyroidism. The BMP-7 treatment corrected the ABD and hyperphosphatemia, owing to BMP-7-driven stimulation of skeletal phosphate deposition reducing plasma phosphate and thereby removing a major stimulus to VC. A pathological link between abnormal bone mineralization and VC through the serum phosphorus was demonstrated by the partial effectiveness of directly reducing the serum phosphate by a phosphate binder that had no skeletal action. Thus, in the metabolic syndrome with CKD, a reduction in bone forming potential of osteogenic cells leads to the ABD producing hyperphosphatemia and VC, processes ameliorated by BMP-7, in part through increased bone formation and skeletal deposition of phosphate and in part through direct actions on vascular smooth muscle cells. We have demonstrated that the processes leading to vascular calcification begin with even mild levels of renal injury affecting the skeleton before demonstrable hyperphosphatemia and that they are preventable and treatable. Therefore, early intervention in the skeletal disorder associated with CKD is warranted and may affect mortality of the disease.
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PMID:Function and effect of bone morphogenetic protein-7 in kidney bone and the bone-vascular links in chronic kidney disease. 1688 97

Renal osteodystrophy (ROD), which is most evident in patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT), usually begins when the kidney function starts to deteriorate. The spectrum of skeletal abnormalities seen in ROD is classified according to the state of bone turnover. In the past two decades, the prevalence of high turnover ROD has decreased while low bone turnover has become increasingly recognized. Secondary hyperparathyroidism represents a common disorder in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD); it develops as a result of hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and impaired synthesis of renal vitamin D with reduction in serum calcitriol levels. Patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism have a range of symptoms that affect their quality of life. The aim of treatment of ROD is to reduce the incidence of uremic bone disease as well as cardiovascular morbidity and mortality caused by elevated serum levels of parathormone (PTH) and calcium X phosphorus product. Treatment measures include control of phosphorus retention and prevent hyperphosphatemia, maintaining serum calcium concentrations within the normal range and prevent excess PTH secretion.
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PMID:Renal osteodystrophy: review of the disease and its treatment. 1697 Feb 58

In chronic kidney disease (CKD), several abnormalities in bone and mineral metabolism develop in the majority of patients. The parathyroid plays a very important role in regulating bone and mineral metabolism; thus, control of parathyroid function is one of the main targets of the management of CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). In the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism, it has recently been suggested that fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) plays a crucial role, both as a phosphaturic factor and as a suppressor of active vitamin D (1,25D) production in the kidney. FGF23 is originally secreted to prevent hyperphosphatemia in CKD, but this occurs at the expense of low 1,25D and hyperparathyroidism ("trade-off" hypothesis revisited). Furthermore, recent data suggest that FGF23 could be another useful marker for the prognosis of hyperparathyroidism, because a high serum level may reflect the cumulative dose of vitamin D analogues previously administered. We have also demonstrated that severe hyperparathyroidism was associated with the production and secretion of a new form of parathyroid hormone (PTH) molecule, which can be detected by third-generation assays for PTH, but not by the second-generation assays. For the regression of already established nodular hyperplasia, the more advanced type of parathyroid hyperplasia, it is certainly necessary, in the near future, to develop new agents that specifically induce apoptosis in parathyroid cells. Until such agents are developed, prevention and early recognition of nodular hyperplasia is mandatory for the effective and safe management of hyperparathyroidism in CKD.
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PMID:Regulation of parathyroid function in chronic kidney disease (CKD). 1700 74

A model of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-induced vascular calcification (VC) that complicates the metabolic syndrome was produced. In this model, the metabolic syndrome is characterized by severe atherosclerotic plaque formation, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia, and CKD stimulates calcification of the neointima and tunica media of the aorta. The CKD in this model is associated the adynamic bone disorder form of renal osteodystrophy. The VC of the model is associated with hyperphosphatemia, and control of the serum phosphorus both in this animal model and in humans has been preventive in the development of VC. This article reports studies that demonstrate reduction of established VC by the addition of sevelamer carbonate to the diets of this murine metabolic syndrome model with CKD. Sevelamer, besides normalizing the serum phosphorus, surprisingly, reversed the CKD-induced trabecular osteopenia. Sevelamer therapy increased osteoblast surfaces in the metaphyseal trabeculae of the tibia and femur. It also increased osteoid surfaces and, importantly, bone formation rates. In addition, sevelamer was found to be effective in decreasing serum cholesterol levels. These results suggest that sevelamer may have important actions in decreasing diabetic and uremic vasculopathy and that sevelamer carbonate may be capable of increasing bone formation rates that are suppressed by diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Reversal of the adynamic bone disorder and decreased vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease by sevelamer carbonate therapy. 1718 86

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are belonging to high risk patients to atherosclerosis with vascular calcification. These patients are well recognized advanced arteriosclerosis with vascular medial calcification, with high risk of cardiovascular death. With basic investigated results, the mechanism of vascular calcification is making clear. A lot of various factors which participate in calcification have been specified. Especially, in long term dialysis patients, the very high grade vascular calcification with advanced atherosclerosis is common with calcium/phosphate/PTH and skeletal problem. This CKD related metabolic bone disorder (CKD-MBD) highly induced and progressed vascular calcification. Participates in vascular calcification. It is extremely important in order to prevent vascular calcification to manage serum phosphorus, serum calcium and parathyroid function within the suitable range. In addition, hyperphosphatemia is becoming the powerful risk factor for patients' survival. The new powerful phosphate binder is developing. The beneficial effect of the new agent on patients' survival is now focused.
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PMID:[Arteriosclerosis and vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients]. 1733 39

In June 2003, sevelamer hydrochloride became widely available in Japan and was expected to control hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients without inducing hypercalcemia. To evaluate the impact of sevelamer therapy on mineral metabolism, we recruited 954 hemodialysis patients from 21 renal units just before the general release of sevelamer in Japan. The serum calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels determined on enrollment were compared with those later measured in June 2004. Sevelamer was prescribed for 169 of the 859 patients for whom data were available in 2004. The mean calcium level, phosphate level, and calcium x phosphate product were all significantly reduced during the 12-month study period, but the intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level did not change. As a result, the percentage of patients who achieved a calcium x phosphate product of <55 mg(2)/dL(2) was significantly increased, but there were no changes in that of patients who achieved the target ranges for phosphate (3.5-5.5 mg/dL) or iPTH (150-300 pg/mL). Among sevelamer-treated patients, iPTH significantly increased, and this change was more marked in the patients with an initial iPTH level <150 pg/mL. Sevelamer was useful for reducing the serum calcium level and calcium x phosphate product, but hyperphosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism were not improved in our study population at 12 months after the release of sevelamer. A decrease in the calcium load might result in the exacerbation of hyperparathyroidism. However, among patients with relative hypoparathyroidism, sevelamer therapy may be beneficial for the prevention of adynamic bone disease.
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PMID:Influence of sevelamer on mineral metabolism and hyperparathyroidism in Japanese hemodialysis patients. 1749 3

Hyperphosphatemia is a characteristic complication of significant chronic kidney disease. Elevated serum phosphorous is associated with reduced survival. Hyperphosphatemia has long been recognized as predisposing to uremic bone disease and disorders of parathyroid function. Furthermore, elevated serum phosphate has been implicated particularly in the development of cardiovascular structural and functional abnormalities. Given the limitations of restricting phosphate in the diet and the inadequate removal by conventional dialysis regimes, nephrologists rely on the use of additional medications to control serum levels (currently oral phosphate binders). This review focuses on new agents and therapeutic approaches dealing with hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease, that are not currently licensed and available in routine clinical practise. This article attempts to review therapies under development and considers additional effects that the next generation of agents may bring over and above those already within the therapeutic armamentarium.
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PMID:New developments in the management of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease. 1763 25

Mineral-bone disorder in chronic kidney disease is a clinical syndrome provoked by the combination of three factors: abnormal laboratory results, bone morphology disorder and extra-bone calcification. Its onset in adult age is linked with a decrease in glomerular filtration (GF < 1 ml/s). Fully developed forms occur in the course of regular dialysis treatment. The use of the traditional denomination "renal osteodystrophy" is currently restricted to the bone morphology finding. As there are two threshold types of bone turnover (low and high) and two degrees of mineralisation (low and normal), there is a total of four basic variants of mineral-bone disorder. The high turnover variants--secondary hyperparathyreosis and a combined disorder--are still the most frequent and are diagnosed in 70 to 80% of cases. Low turnover disorders include osteomalatia (OM) and adynamic bone disease (ABD). While OM is becoming increasingly rare, the occurrence of ABD is on the rise. The main reason for this may be the steady growth in the age of dialised patients and a number of risk factors, as well as treatment with inadequately high doses of vitamin D. Progressive chronic kidney disease may be linked with D-hormone deficit, negative calcium balance and with positive phosphate balance. Phosphates become a key factor in the development and progression of secondary hyperparathyreosis and extra-bone calcification in the case of D-hormone substitution. Therefore, maintaining a good phosphate balance by restricting their intake or by reducing their intestinal resorption through the use of phosphate binders is the most efficient therapeutic procedure. In patients with chronic kidney failure, adequate dialysis treatment is necessary. Hyperphosphatemia and extra-bone calcification are new independent risk factors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:[Mineral-bone disorder with chronic kidney disease]. 1791 29

Childhood and adolescence are crucial times for the development of a healthy skeletal and cardiovascular system. Disordered mineral and bone metabolism accompany chronic kidney disease (CKD) and present significant obstacles to optimal bone strength, final adult height, and cardiovascular health. Decreased activity of renal 1 alpha hydroxylase results in decreased intestinal calcium absorption, increased serum parathyroid hormone levels, and high-turnover renal osteodystrophy, with subsequent growth failure. Simultaneously, phosphorus retention exacerbates secondary hyperparathyroidism, and elevated levels contribute to cardiovascular disease. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism improves growth and high-turnover bone disease. However, target ranges for serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels vary according to stage of CKD. Since over-treatment may result in adynamic bone disease, growth failure, hypercalcemia, and progression of cardiovascular calcifications, therapy must be carefully adjusted to maintain optimal serum biochemical parameters according to stage of CKD. Newer therapeutic agents, including calcium-free phosphate binding agents and new vitamin D analogues, effectively suppress serum PTH levels while limiting intestinal calcium absorption and may provide future therapeutic alternatives for children with CKD.
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PMID:Chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder in children. 1804 81

Abnormalities in mineral metabolism and changes in skeletal histology may contribute to growth impairment in children with chronic renal failure. Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, alterations in vitamin D and IGF synthesis and parathyroid gland dysfunction play significant roles in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism and subsequently, bone disease in renal failure. The recent KDIGO conference has made recommendations to consider this as a systemic disorder (chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder) and to standardize bone histomorphometry to include bone turnover, mineralization and volume (TMV). The use of DXA to assess bone mass is controversial in children with chronic renal failure. Questions arise regarding the accuracy of bone measurements and difficulty in data interpretation especially in children with renal failure who are not only growth retarded but often have pubertal delay and osteosclerosis. The validity and feasibility of new modalities of skeletal imaging which can detect changes in both trabecular and cortical bone are currently being investigated in children. The management of mineral abnormalities and bone disease in chronic renal failure is multifactorial. To manage hyperphosphatemia, dietary phosphate restriction accompanied by intake of calcium-free and metal-free phosphate binding agents are widely utilized. Vitamin D analogs remain the primary therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism, although the use of the less hypercalcemic agents is preferred due to concerns of calciphylaxis and vascular calcification. Future clinical studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of calcimimetic agents and bisphosphonate therapy in children with chronic renal failure.
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PMID:Mineral metabolism and bone abnormalities in children with chronic renal failure. 1817 21


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