Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0005684 (bladder cancer)
 16,431 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Kock continent ileal reservoir for urinary diversion was performed in 53 patients with invasive bladder cancer (52) or neurogenic bladder (1). The postoperative follow-up period was from six to thirty-nine months. The clinical results showed no metabolic disturbance of blood electrolytes or acidity. Prolapse of efferent nipple valve developed in 4 patients (7.6%); and 2 underwent revisional surgery with a good result. Another 4 patients (7.6%) suffered from poor continence and relatively frequent catheterization to empty the pouch was necessary to prevent urine leakage through the stoma. Urodynamic study of the Kock pouch in these 4 patients showed a short functional nipple valve length and small pouch capacity. The other 45 patients (84.8%) had good continence. Urodynamic study of the pouch in 20 patients showed low pressure (mean of 13.3 cm H2O) in the pouch and high pressure (mean of 72.1 cm H2O) at the efferent nipple valve. Three patients had unilateral hydronephrosis in the follow-up intravenous urography. Corrective surgery for stenosis at the right ureteroileal anastomosis was done in 1 patient with normalization of the upper urinary tract afterward. The other 2 patients were managed by close observation for the mild hydronephrosis. Symptomatic bacteriuria developed in only 3 patients (5.7%) and responded well to antibiotic management. Reservoirography demonstrated no reflux into the upper urinary tract in all the follow-up patients. There was no significant change of the renal function at twenty-four months after operation detected by radionuclide (131I-Hippuran) renal functional study. All patients were satisfied with Kock urinary diversion.
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PMID:Clinical experience of Kock pouch continent urinary diversion. 232 24

Nitrite has been implicated in carcinogenesis, especially under acidic conditions such as in the stomach or in urine, where it forms nitrosating species that can react with secondary amines to form nitrosamines. Recent studies have shown that nitrite and acid form a variety of other nitrogen oxides in vivo including nitric oxide-a compound with documented antitumor activity. Here we tested the effects of nitrite on bladder tumor cells incubated in mildly acidified urine. Nitrite (50 microM) inhibited thymidine incorporation in human T24 bladder cancer cells. This inhibition required slight acidification (pH 5.5-6), and no effect of nitrite could be observed at pH 7. Nitrite effects were further augmented in the presence of ascorbic acid, whereas ascorbic acid alone had no effect. The effects were paralleled by formation of nitric oxide gas. We here demonstrate an inhibitory effect of nitrite on cancer cell replication at concentrations and acidity commonly found in urine and gastric juice. The inhibitory effect is likely caused by nitric oxide and possibly other reactive nitrogen oxides formed from acidified nitrite.
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PMID:Inhibition of cancer cell replication by inorganic nitrite. 2043 71

Checkpoint inhibitors, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibodies have changed profoundly the treatment of melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, and bladder cancer. Currently, they are tested in various tumor entities as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapies or targeted therapies. However, only a subgroup of patients benefit from checkpoint blockade (combinations). This raises the question, which all mechanisms inhibit T cell function in the tumor environment, restricting the efficacy of these immunotherapeutic approaches. Serum activity of lactate dehydrogenase, likely reflecting the glycolytic activity of the tumor cells and thus acidity within the tumor microenvironment, turned out to be one of the strongest markers predicting response to checkpoint inhibition. In this review, we discuss the impact of tumor-associated acidity on the efficacy of T cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy and possible approaches to break this barrier.
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PMID:Targeting tumor-associated acidity in cancer immunotherapy. 2997 96