Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Anti-NDP has been detected in the sera of 38 of 430 patients on regular hemodialysis at the Regional Kidney Disease Program in Minneapolis. It developed in these patients from 7 to 58 months after commencement of dialysis. Bacterial infection appeared temporally related to the development of anti-NDP in 12 patients. Hemolytic episodes, possibly related to anti-NDP, occurred in 11. Fifty-five percent of the patients never reused dialyzers. The antibody preceded the insertion of a bovine graft in seven. We postulate that anti-NDP is recognizing an antigenic site similar to that recognized by Vicia graminea lectin, and that this site might become immunogenic by alteration of M and N antigens on red blood cell surfaces. Though formaldehyde might be involved in this alteration, dialysis membrane reuse does not seem to be required for the formation of anti-NDP.
 ...
PMID:A clinical study of anti-NDP in the sera of patients in a large repetitive hemodialysis program. 101 40

Cytokines and the different glycosylation profiles of some acute phase proteins appear to be of great value in investigating the activity of inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Using an ELISA to measure the serum concentration of sIL-2R and IL-6 and an affinity electrophoresis with Concanavalin A as a lectin to determine the microheterogenity of the alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP), we tested the sera of 63 patients with various rheumatic and infectious diseases and 17 healthy persons and compared the results with the usual markers of inflammation, e.g. erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and with the clinical activity of the disease. ESR, CRP and sIL-2R were significantly elevated (p less than 0.001) in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in acute bacterial infection. ESR and CRP showed a better correlation with the clinical activity of RA than sIL-2R. Marked elevation of IL-6 was found only in 30% of RA patients in the early stage of the acute phase reaction (APR). The AGP reactivity coefficient (AGP-RC) was significantly decreased in RA (p less than 0.01) but increased in bacterial infections (p less than 0.001). Our results show that there is no advantage in measuring sIL-2R in the routine diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. Raised IL-6 levels seem to indicate an early stage of APR. If ESR and CRP are elevated, the AGP-RC helps to differentiate between infection and chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
 ...
PMID:[Interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble interleukin-2-receptor (sIL-2R) and microheterogeneity of alpha-! acid glycoprotein (AGP): new markers of the acute-phase reaction?]. 153 25

The temporal relation between a lung infection with bovine herpesvirus-1, suppression of some immune functions, and susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection resulting in fibrinous pneumonia prompted a study to determine the mechanism(s) involved in the apparent immunosuppression. In six independent experiments employing from five to 40 calves, we studied the immunologic parameters of migration of and superoxide anion production by polymorphonuclear neutrophils, lectin-induced lymphocyte proliferation, interleukin-2 production, natural cytotoxicity, interferon and antibody formation, as well as complement activation and hematologic parameters. Chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, natural cytotoxicity, and mitogen response of peripheral blood leukocytes were depressed, whereas superoxide anion generation by polymorphonuclear neutrophils was transiently increased and interleukin-2 production was only marginally affected. The assumption that virus-induced interferon might be a common cause for the various changes could not be substantiated. However, the results did suggest that mechanisms other than lack of T helper cell activity, accessory cell activity of macrophages, or development of suppressor T cells were the cause of suppressed mitogen responses. None of the immunologic parameters appeared to have consistent prognostic value with respect to outcome of the infection.
 ...
PMID:Viral-bacterial pneumonia in calves: effect of bovine herpesvirus-1 on immunologic functions. 258 Sep 16

Differentiation between rejection and infection of lung allografts remains difficult. The effects of these two pathologic entities on the cytolytic activity of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and PBL were investigated. Left lung allotransplantation was performed on 16 mongrel dogs of which 12 were available for complete studies. All animals received CA, AZA, and PRED for 2 weeks. Four grafts developed left lower lobe Gram negative pneumonia. The eight remaining recipients progressed gradually to severe rejection after acute reduction of immunosuppression. Cytolytic activity of blood and left lung BAL lymphocytes was quantitated by the natural killer (NK) and lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (LDCMC) assays. Two additional groups serving as controls were either given a 10-day course of immunosuppressants or had right lower lobe pneumonia induced by transbronchial inoculation of gram negative bacteria. Immunosuppressed control animals showed significant depression of PBL and BAL lymphocyte LDCMC and NK activity. Similarly, BAL lymphocytes expressed very low LDCMC in normal allografts (2.8 +/- 0.8%). Once rejection developed and progressed, LDCMC became significantly higher (15.6 +/- 2.2 and 52.7 +/- 2.8% in mild and severe rejection, respectively). There was no detectable NK activity in rejecting lung allografts. BAL lymphocytes from infected allografts, on the other hand, showed an elevation of both NK and LDCMC activity (9.1 +/- 1.1 and 14.6 +/- 1.0%, respectively). Similarly, bacterial pneumonia in control animals manifested an increase in NK and LDCMC activity in lung and blood. PBL lymphocytes of lung allograft recipients, however, had increased NK and LDCMC activity in both rejection and infection. LDCMC/NK activity ratio (LM/NK index) of lung lymphocytes was significantly higher in rejecting allografts (11.2 +/- 1.0 and 12.4 +/- 1.6 for mild and severe rejection, respectively) than in infected ones (1.2 +/- 0.3, P < 0.0001). It appears, from this study, that rejection of the lung allograft results in alterations in BAL lymphocyte phenotypes and functions that differ from those associated with bacterial infection. Such differences may be useful in distinguishing episodes of acute allograft rejection from bacterial infection.
 ...
PMID:Lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and natural killer function in rejecting and infected lung allografts. 851 10

Mannan binding lectin (MBL) may be important for innate immunity and some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be preceded by bacterial infection. Therefore, relative MBL deficiency might be associated with susceptibility to SIDS. We measured MBL concentrations in 46 SIDS infants and 26 controls. The proportion of subjects with low MBL values was similar in the two groups. However, the mean for the SIDS group (3 micrograms/ml) was higher than that of the controls (2.2 micrograms/ml; P < 0.05). We interpret this difference as due to acute phase responses and suggest these findings are consistent with the view that some cot deaths are preceded by bacterial infections.
 ...
PMID:Mannan binding lectin and the sudden infant death syndrome. 987 92

Several self-defense proteins have been isolated from the silkworm, Bombyx mori and their amino acid sequences determined. These proteins include novel antibacterial proteins designated lebocin and moricin, and a novel lectin designated hemocytin, an insect homologue of mammalian von Willebrand factor. Antibacterial mechanisms of lebocin and moricin have been analyzed and their ability to form ion channels in bacterial membranes play an important role in defense against bacterial infection. cDNAs and genes encoding these proteins have been cloned to examine their induction mechanisms upon bacterial infection. Regulatory motifs such as the kappaB-like and GATA sequence have been identified in the B. mori antibacterial proteins. On the other hand, hemocytin gene expression was confirmed to occur upon bacterial infection and before pupation under naive conditions, suggesting that hemocytin plays an important role in both immunity and metamorphosis. Moreover, this review also describes the releasing mechanisms of a bacterial cell wall component, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), from intact bacteria, clearance of LPS from B. mori hemolymph and a possible signal transduction pathway for antibacterial protein gene expression.
 ...
PMID:Immune proteins and their gene expression in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. 1042 22

Induction of proinflammatory cytokines has been proposed to be a link between prenatal maternal intrauterine infection and neonatal brain damage. It is known that the endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), released during bacterial infection crosses the placenta. Cytokine induction in the fetal rat brain after maternal administration of LPS was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method. LPS suspension in pyrogen-free saline was administered (i.p.) to pregnant rats at 18 d of gestation. The control group was treated with pyrogen-free saline. Expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-1beta mRNA, in the fetal rat brain was increased in a dose-dependent manner at 1 h after LPS administration. The great increase in expression of IL-1beta mRNA was only observed at 1 h after injection of LPS (4 mg/kg), whereas the increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was still detectable from 4 to 24 h after LPS administration. Brain injuries were examined by immunohistochemistry in 8-d-old rat pups born to the dams that were consecutively treated with LPS (500 microg/kg) or pyrogen-free saline on gestation d 18 and 19. No apparent necrotic tissue damage was found in either the LPS group or the control group. Myelin basic protein staining, as a marker of myelin, was clearly observed in the internal capsule and the fimbria hippocampus in the rat brain from the control group. Myelin basic protein staining was much less and weaker in the brains of the LPS-treated group. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes were observed in both the control and the LPS-treated groups. The LPS-treated group appeared to have more glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in the hippocampal and the cortex areas of the brain than the control group. Immunoblotting data showed that glial fibrillary acidic protein content in the cortex or the hippocampus of the LPS-treated rat brain was higher than in the control group. OX-42-positive staining (a marker of the type 3 complement receptors) of microglial cells was greatly reduced in the 8-d-old rat brain after maternal LPS administration. However, histochemistry with tomato lectin showed that staining of both amoeboid and ramified microglial cells in the LPS-treated rat brain was similar to that in the control group. The overall results indicate that maternal LPS administration induces an increased expression of IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA in the fetal brain. Maternal LPS administration also increases glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes, decreases myelin basic protein and alters immunoreactivity of microglia in the brain of offspring. Although results from the current study do not provide direct evidence linking LPS-induced cytokines with the abnormalities in the neonatal rat brain, our animal model may be appropriate for exploring the mechanisms involved in the effects of maternal infection on glial cells in the brains of offspring.
 ...
PMID:Cytokine induction in fetal rat brains and brain injury in neonatal rats after maternal lipopolysaccharide administration. 1062 84

A lipopolysaccharide-specific lectin, immulectin-2, was isolated from plasma of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Immulectin-2 has specificity for xylose, glucose, lipopolysaccharide, and mannan. A cDNA clone encoding immulectin-2 was isolated from an Escherichia coli-induced M. sexta larval fat body cDNA library. The cDNA is 1253 base pairs long, with an open reading frame of 981 base pairs, encoding a 327-residue polypeptide. Immulectin-2 is a member of the C-type lectin superfamily. It consists of two carbohydrate recognition domains, which is similar to the organization of M. sexta immulectin-1. Immulectin-2 was present at a constitutively low level in plasma of control larvae and increased 3-4-fold after injection of Gram-negative bacteria or lipopolysaccharide. Immulectin-2 mRNA was detected in fat body of control larvae, and its level increased dramatically after injection of E. coli. The concentration of immulectin-2 in plasma did not change significantly after injection of Gram-positive bacteria or yeast, even though its mRNA level was increased by these treatments. Compared with immulectin-1, immulectin-2 has a more restricted specificity for binding to Gram-negative bacteria. Immulectin-2 at low physiological concentrations agglutinated E. coli in a calcium-dependent manner. It also bound to immobilized lipopolysaccharide from E. coli. Binding of immulectin-2 to lipopolysaccharide stimulated phenol oxidase activation in plasma. The properties of immulectin-2 are consistent with its function as a pattern recognition receptor for detection and defense against Gram-negative bacterial infection in M. sexta.
 ...
PMID:Immulectin-2, a lipopolysaccharide-specific lectin from an insect, Manduca sexta, is induced in response to gram-negative bacteria. 1095 4

Reduced terminal sialylation at the surface of airway epithelial cells from patients with cystic fibrosis may predispose them to bacterial infection. To determine whether a lack of chloride transport or misprocessing of mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is critical for the alterations in glycosylation, we studied a normal human tracheal epithelial cell line (9/HTEo(-)) transfected with the regulatory (R) domain of CFTR, which blocks CFTR-mediated chloride transport; DeltaF508 CFTR, which is misprocessed, wild-type CFTR; or empty vector. Reduced cAMP-stimulated chloride transport is seen in the R domain and DeltaF508 transfectants. These two cell lines had consistent, significantly reduced binding of elderberry bark lectin, which recognizes terminal sialic acid in the alpha-2,6 configuration. Binding of other lectins, including Maakia amurensis lectin, which recognizes sialic acid in the alpha-2,3 configuration, was comparable in all cell lines. Because the cell surface change occurred in R domain-transfected cells, which continue to express wild-type CFTR, it cannot be related entirely to misprocessed or overexpressed CFTR. It is associated most closely with reduced CFTR activity.
 ...
PMID:Terminal sialylation is altered in airway cells with impaired CFTR-mediated chloride transport. 1115 32

Adhesion of bacteria to vascular endothelial cells as well as mucosal cells and epithelial cells appears to be one of the initial steps in the process of bacterial infection, including infective endocarditis. We examined whether lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1), a member of scavenger receptor family molecules with C-type lectin-like structure, can support adhesion of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) cells stably expressing LOX-1 can support binding of FITC-labeled Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which was suppressed by poly(I) and an anti-LOX-1 mAb. Adhesion of these bacteria to LOX-1 does not require divalent cations or serum factors and can be supported under both static and nonstatic conditions. Cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) can also support adhesion of FITC-labeled S. aureus, which was similarly suppressed by poly(I) and an anti-LOX-1 mAb. In contrast, binding of FITC-labeled E. coli to BAEC was partially inhibited by the anti-LOX-1 mAb, and poly(I) did not block FITC-labeled E. coli adhesion to BAEC, but, rather, enhanced it under a static condition. TNF-alpha increased LOX-1-dependent adhesion of E. coli, but not that of S. aureus, suggesting that S. aureus adhesion to BAEC may require additional molecules, which cooperate with LOX-1 and suppressed by TNF-alpha. Taken together, LOX-1 can work as a cell surface receptor for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as S. aureus and E. coli, in a mechanism similar to that of class A scavenger receptors; however, other unknown molecules may also be involved in the adhesion of E. coli to BAEC, which is enhanced by poly(I).
 ...
PMID:LOX-1 supports adhesion of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 1129 Jul 92


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>