Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cefpirome (CPR, HR 810) was clinically evaluated for its efficacy and safety in 11 patients with ages from 4 months to 11 years with bacterial infection. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. CPR was administered to 6 patients with bronchopneumonia, a patient with pneumonia, a patient with tonsillitis, 2 patients with acute pharyngitis and a patient with suppurative parotitis at daily dosage levels ranging 55.5-91.7 mg/kg, divided into 3 using intravenous bolus injection or 30 minutes drip infusion. Clinical responses of the 11 patients were as follows: excellent; 8 patients, good; 2 patients, poor; 1 patient, hence the efficacy rate was 90.9%. 2. Neither clinical adverse reaction nor abnormal laboratory test value was observed except slight elevation of GOT and GPT in a patient and leukopenia in another. 3. MICs of CPR against 18 beta-lactamase producing strains isolated from patients were as follows. MIC against a strain of Staphylococcus aureus was 1.56 micrograms/ml, MICs against 3 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were less than 0.025 microgram/ml, those against 3 out of 5 strains of Enterobacter cloacae were less than 0.025 microgram/ml and those against the remaining 2 strains were 0.05 and 0.20 micrograms/ml. MICs against 2 out of 3 strains Acinetobacter lwoffi were 1.56 micrograms/ml, and that of the remaining 1 strain was 0.39 microgram/ml. MICs against 2 strains of Pseudomonas cepacia were 1.56 micrograms/ml. MICs against a strain of Pseudomonas putida and a strain of Citrobacter diversus were 0.78 and less than 0.025 microgram/ml, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefpirome in children]. 188 Sep 23

Lomefloxacin has marked activity against Gram-negative bacilli including Enterobacteriaceae, non-fermenting strains and Haemophilus influenzae with 98% of all isolates tested having MICs of 0.25 mg/l or less. Sixty-eight per cent of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were sensitive to 1 mg/l with a few strains resistant to 8 or 16 mg/l. Gram-positive cocci were more resistant, particularly streptococci, where the MICs vary between 1 and 8 mg/l. Bactericidal activity was similar to inhibitory activity and the effect of increasing serum concentrations and bacterial inocula was minimal. The MIC and MBC were increased in the presence of urine, particularly at an acid pH 5. Comparative MICs showed that lomefloxacin was more active than ofloxacin and pefloxacin, similar to norfloxacin but less active than ciprofloxacin for Gram-negative bacteria but not for Gram-positive cocci. Comparative studies with sensitivity disc concentrations showed that a 5 micrograms disc was more satisfactory than the 10 micrograms disc as the zone sizes were more suitable for routine testing. Solutions of lomefloxacin showed instability in bright sunlight when 52% of activity was lost in 1 h. Similar instability was shown in impregnated discs which lost up to 40% activity in 6 h exposure. Lomefloxacin showed a wide range of activity against Gram-negative bacteria including multiresistant strains and Pseudomonas spp. Gram-positive bacteria were less susceptible, with streptococci more resistant than staphylococci. Lomefloxacin is well absorbed after oral administration giving high blood and urine concentrations and its prolonged half-life means once daily dosing in the treatment of many types of bacterial infection may be possible.
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PMID:Antibacterial activity of lomefloxacin. 188 17

Despite heavy oral and fang contamination of crotalid species with a wide variety of potentially pathogenic bacteria, crotalid envenomation is associated with a low incidence of bacterial infection. Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of venoms from three crotalid species were determined against six aerobic and eight anaerobic reference and oral crotalid microorganisms. All anaerobic isolates were resistant to greater than 20,480 micrograms/ml, whereas variable activity (range, 5-20,480 micrograms/ml) was observed for aerobic strains. Further studies against other aerobic clinical isolates demonstrated that venom had the greatest activity (MIC, less than or equal to 80 micrograms/ml) against staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, and Morganella species. Inhibitory activity was lost with prolonged incubation for many gram-negative species. Crotalid venoms are broadly active against aerobic gram-negative and -positive bacteria. This activity may play a role in the low incidence of infection after envenomation injuries.
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PMID:Antibacterial activity of crotalid venoms against oral snake flora and other clinical bacteria. 205 5

The pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin were determined in six healthy volunteers after oral administration of 200 mg twice daily for 3.5 days. To study the pharmacokinetic behavior at the target site in bacterial infection of the skin, drug concentrations were determined in suction blister fluid (SBF) and cantharides blister fluid (CBF), as well as in serum and saliva. Ofloxacin was measured by a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay. Ofloxacin concentrations in saliva amounted to 61 +/- 3% of levels in serum. After the final dose, ofloxacin concentrations in blister fluid and serum declined in parallel. Terminal half-lives of ofloxacin in blister fluids (SBF, 7.0 h; CBF, 6.3 h) were in accordance with serum half-life (6.6 h). Favorable penetration into the skin is suggested by high area under the concentration-time curve ratios for blister fluid and serum (CBF, 1.1; SBF, 1.3). During repeated ofloxacin intake, drug levels in SBF and CBF at 12 h amounted to 0.94 and 1.10 micrograms/ml. Thus, ofloxacin levels in the skin are well above the MIC for 90% of strains tested for, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and various members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. This should also hold true with respect to other tissues.
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PMID:Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin in serum, saliva, and skin blister fluid of healthy volunteers. 232 62

The antibacterial activity of a new 7-dimethylpyridinyl quinolone, WIN 57273, was assessed by using in vitro and in vivo models. Agar inclusion and broth dilution in vitro tests revealed broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive and selected gram-negative organisms, with the greatest potency observed against the staphylococci. The MIC for 90% of coagulase-positive strains tested (MIC90) was less than or equal to 0.002 micrograms/ml; for the coagulase-negative strains the MIC90 was 0.008 micrograms/ml. Against enterococci the MIC90 was 0.06 micrograms/ml, with comparable activity observed against group A and group B streptococci as well as against the pneumococci. In general, the MIC90s for the gram-negative bacteria were less than or equal to 1 micrograms/ml. Exceptions were Serratia marcescens (MIC90, 16 micrograms/ml), Citrobacter freundii (MIC90, 4 micrograms/ml), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC90, 8 micrograms/ml). The greatest potency was observed against Haemophilus spp. and Neisseria spp., with MIC90s of 0.06 and 0.016 micrograms/ml, respectively. Broad-spectrum activity was also observed against anaerobes, with MIC90s ranging from 0.125 to 0.5 micrograms/ml among the species tested. The in vivo efficacy was determined by using a murine model by calculating the 50% protective doses against a lethal bacterial infection caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The staphylocci were most susceptible, with 50% protective doses for all strains ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 mg/kg. With the exception of the Pseudomonas infection, which was refractory to treatment, animals that were part of the other infection models responded to less than 10 mg/kg. Equivalent activity was seen with the subcutaneous or the oral route of drug administration. WIN 57273 was significantly more potent than ciprofloxacin in treating gram-positive bacterial infections (2- to 20-fold) but was significantly less effective at treating gram-negative bacterial infections (30- to 300-fold).
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PMID:In vitro and in vivo activities of a new quinolone, WIN 57273, possessing potent activity against gram-positive bacteria. 234 63

Sulbactam/Ampicillin (SBT/ABPC), a combination at a fixed ratio of ABPC and SBT which is an irreversible inhibitor of beta-lactamase in a 2:1 ratio, was clinically evaluated for its efficacy and safety in 24 patients with ages from 5 month-old to 12 years old with bacterial infection. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. A pharmacokinetic study following 30 mg/kg SBT/ABPC administration by 30 minutes drip infusion or intravenous bolus injection showed that mean half-lives of SBT and ABPC were 48.9 minutes and 40.2 minutes, respectively, and mean urinary excretion rates of SBT and ABPC in the first 6 hours were 67.1% and 48.3%, respectively. 2. SBT/ABPC was administered to 14 patients with bronchopneumonia, 4 patients with tonsillitis, a patient each with acute upper respiratory infection, with submandibular lymphadenitis, with phlegmon, with enterocolitis, with pyelonephritis and with cystitis at a daily dosage of 88.2-133.3 mg/kg, divided into 3 or 4, by intravenous bolus injection or by 30 minutes drip infusion. Clinical responses of the 24 patients were as follows: excellent: 17 patients, good: 7 patients. The efficacy rate was 100%. 3. Neither clinical adverse reactions nor abnormal laboratory test values, except slight eosinophilia in a patient and an elevation of GOT, GPT in another were observed. 4. MICs of SBT/ABPC against 7 strong beta-lactamase producing strains isolated from some of the patients were as follows. MIC against a strain of Staphylococcus aureus was 3.13 micrograms/ml, MICs against 2 out of 5 strains of Branhamella catarrhalis were 0.10 microgram/ml and those of the remaining 3 strains were 0.20 microgram/ml. MIC against a strain of Haemophilus parainfluenzae was 3.13 micrograms/ml. 5. These data described above show that SBT/ABPC has excellent bactericidal capacity against beta-lactamase producing bacteria as well as beta-lactamase non-producing Gram-positive and negative bacteria and suggest that SBT/ABPC is a very useful antibiotic for pediatric patients.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of sulbactam/ampicillin in children]. 266 51

Fusidic acid is a well known antimicrobial agent due to its narrow spectrum of activity against Gram positive bacteria and especially staphylococci. Therefore, it is after used preventively against bacterial infection in traumatology, but the susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria is not well known. We have studied, the in vitro activity of sodium fusidate against 147 strains of anaerobic bacteria. This antibiotic has a moderate activity against Bacteroides, more significant against Clostridium, Peptococcus et Peptostreptococcus; it has no bactericidal activity. Clostridium difficile is different from other anaerobic bacteria because of its slow MIC and its MBC near to its MIC. Fusidic acid could be proposed for the treatment of pseudomembranous and antibiotic-associated colitis induced by Clostridium difficile.
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PMID:[Activity of fusidic acid on strictly anaerobic bacteria]. 330 63

The authors have carried out laboratory and clinical studies on the BRL 25000 granule (containing 2 parts amoxicillin and 1 part clavulanic acid). The antibacterial activity of BRL 25000 against 29 clinically isolated strains of S. aureus, 30 E. coli and 30 K. pneumoniae were measured by the agar dilution method using an inoculum size of 10(6) cells/ml. beta-Lactamase production was detected by the Nitrocefin method. The MICs of BRL 25000 against S. aureus ranged from 0.2 approximately 12.5 micrograms/ml, with the majority of strains being inhibited by 1.56 micrograms/ml or less. Seven beta-lactamase producing strains of S. aureus were all inhibited by less than 12.5 micrograms/ml. The range against E. coli was 1.56 approximately 100 micrograms/ml, with the majority inhibited by 6.25 micrograms/ml or less. Fifteen beta-lactamase producing strains of E. coli were inhibited by 6.25 approximately 100 micrograms/ml and the majority by 25 micrograms/ml or less. All strains of K. pneumoniae were beta-lactamase producers and the MIC distribution against K. pneumoniae was 1.56 approximately 50 micrograms/ml, with a majority inhibited by 3.13 micrograms/ml or less, 96% of strains, were inhibited by less than 6.25 micrograms/ml. Against K. pneumoniae, BRL 25000 showed a 8 to 16-fold superiority when compared with AMPC. In a pharmacokinetic study, BRL 25000 granules were orally administered to children in the fasting state at single doses of 7.5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg. The peak serum levels of AMPC were 6.13 and 6.94 micrograms/ml approximately 1 hour after administration and decreased with half-lives of 1.08 and 0.97 hours, respectively. The corresponding serum levels of CVA were 1.16 and 1.90 micrograms/ml at 1 hour after administration, with half-lives of 0.99 and 0.87 hour, respectively. In clinical studies, the BRL 25000 granule was effective in 39 cases of bacterial infection out of a total of 41 treated. Side effects were limited to 2 cases of diarrhea and minor changes in laboratory findings were elevation of serum GOT (1 case), elevation of serum GPT (1 case), and eosinophilia (2 cases).
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies of BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid-amoxicillin) granules in the pediatric field]. 400 52

1. MIC of 6059-S against 92 strains of clinically isolated bacteria were measured. The compound was active against most of Gram-negative rods, but was not active against Staphylococcus aureus. 2. 20 mg/kg of 6059-S (newly synthesized oxacephem antibiotics) was administered to the pediatric patients and its blood concentration was measured by agar well method using E. coli 7437 as a test organism. 3. The mean blood concentrations were maximum at 15 minutes after intravenous one-bolus injection. Maximum levels were 94.5 mcg/ml in the patients of below 5 years old and 98.7 mcg/ml above 6 years old. Their half-life of the blood levels were 95.4 and 110.6 minutes respectively. 4. The mean blood concentrations were highest at the end of the infusion in the cases of 60 minutes drip injection. Maximum levels were 85.0 mcg/ml in the patients of below 5 years old and 64.8 mcg/ml above 6 years old. 5. Clinical efficacy of 6059-S in 6 cases pyelonephritis, 2 cases of sepsis, 1 case of meningitis, 1 case of intraperitoneal abscess, 9 cases pneumonia and 2 case of tonsillitis was 100%. In the case of urinary tract infection, 4 patients were treated successfully by the administration of 20 mg/kg/day of 6059-S. Other bacterial infections were treated with 55 to 200 mg/kg/day. 6. 100% of the causative organisms were eliminated by 6059-S. They were E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, H. influenzae and beta-Streptococcus. 7. No remarkable side effect was noticed during administration.
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PMID:[Basic and clinical examinations of 6059-S in pediatrics (author's transl)]. 645 66

A group of six patients with non-infected synovial effusions requiring diagnostic or therapeutic aspiration, were given a short oral course of 'Septrin' (two tablets bd for two doses, each tablet containing 80 mg of trimethoprim plus 400 mg of sulphamethoxazole). Serum and synovial fluid (SF) were sampled frequently following antibiotic administration. It was found that concentrations of trimethoprim in SF approached serum levels after a short lag time (about 3 h) and thereafter approximated to the serum levels, whereas sulphamethoxazole did not as readily penetrate into SF. With the regimens used MIC levels for trimethoprim were achieved in SF, which suggests that this drug could be usefully prescribed in normal doses for the treatment of septic arthritis due to bacterial infection.
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PMID:The penetration of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole into synovial fluid. 660 36


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