Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

MR imaging is the modality of choice for the detection, staging, and differential diagnosis of inflammatory disorders of the spine. Infectious spondylitis is characterized by the involvement of two adjacent vertebrae and the intervening disk with severe BME and early destruction of the end plates. The disk space is narrowed and typically exhibits water-equivalent signal intensity on T2-weighted or STIR images. Prevertebral and epidural extensions, abscess formation, enhancement of the BME, the disk space, and the surrounding granulation tissue are well demonstrated by gadolinium-enhanced images. Cervical spondylitis frequently involves more than one level. Bone marrow abnormalities may be subtle at this level and increased signal intensity of the disk space on T2-weighted or STIR images is an important finding. The risk for neurologic complications is increased. Granulomatous infections caused by tuberculosis, brucellosis, fungi, and parasites, including hydatid disease (Echinococcus), are frequently associated with imaging findings different from those seen with nonspecific bacterial infection. In patients with chronic infectious spondylitis, diffuse reactive bone marrow changes with decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted images, increased signal intensity on T2-weighted and STIR images, and increased uptake after gadolinium administration may occur. This phenomenon is probably caused by reactive bone marrow stimulation, simulating diffuse hematologic neoplastic disease. Erosive intervertebral osteochondrosis with bandlike disk gadolinium enhancement and BME, which is commonly associated with local pain, is the most important differential diagnosis of bacterial spondylitis.
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PMID:Imaging of spinal infection. 1122 3

Diverse biological activities of 7 healthy foods [powdered pine needle, citrate-fermented sesame, powdered coffee, royal jelly, propolis, pollen and white sesame oil (extracted by super critical state (40 degrees C, 350 atmospheric pressure))] were investigated. The pine needle, sesame and powdered coffee was also extracted successively by ethanol and hot water, and lyophilized. The pine needle and coffee extracts, and propolis showed higher in vitro cytotoxic, bactericidal and oxidation activity, as compared with other 4 lipophilic healthy foods. However, propolis showed slightly lower, but significant cytotoxic and bactericidal activity with much reduced oxidation potential. ESR spectroscopy demonstrated that the cytotoxic activity of these extracts was closely related to their radical generation and O2- scavenging activities. Healthy food components may have both pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant properties. Pre-treatment of mice with pine needle, sesame or powdered coffee extract significantly reduced the lethality of bacterial infection, possibly due to their host-mediated action. These extracts failed to reduce the cytophatic effect of HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus) infection in MT-4 cells. No apparent acute toxicity was detected in mice by oral administration of 10 g/kg of these extracts. This data suggest the medicinal efficacy of healthy foods.
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PMID:Diverse biological activities of healthy foods. 1128 23

Many microbes associated with marine organisms have antimicrobial activity. We report the isolation of bacteria associated with Amphipholis gracillima that have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against a number of common bacterial strains. Fifty-eight isolates of bacilli obtained from A. gracillima arm homogenates, from excised wound tissue, or from swabs of arm stumps exhibited 20-100% inhibition of one or more of 16 test bacteria at 35% salinity. Forty-one of the isolates were capable of 20-100% inhibition of one or more of 19 subject bacteria at 10% salinity at 37 degrees C. Three isolates, BE37, BE52, and BE53, exhibited the greatest range of antibacterial activity at both 10% and 35% salinity. Our results suggest that some of the bacteria associated with A. gracillima may provide the animal with chemical defenses against adverse bacterial infection. The water-soluble inhibitory chemicals produced by the bacteria could potentially function as antimicrobial compounds against human pathogenic bacteria.
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PMID:Isolation and screening of brittlestar-associated bacteria for antibacterial activity. 1200 Sep 97

Saliva is the principal fluid component of the external environment of the taste receptor cells and, as such, could play a role in taste sensitivity. Its main role includes transport of taste substances to and protection of the taste receptor. In the initial process of taste perception, saliva acts as a solvent for taste substances; salivary water dissolves taste substances, and the latter diffuse to the taste receptor sites. During this process, some salivary constituents chemically interact with taste substances. For example, salivary buffers (e.g., bicarbonate ions) decrease the concentration of free hydrogen ions (sour taste), and there are some salivary proteins which may bind with bitter taste substances. Another effect of saliva on taste transduction is that some salivary constituents can continuously stimulate the taste receptor, resulting in an alteration of taste sensitivity. For example, the taste detection threshold for NaCl is slightly above the salivary sodium concentrations with which the taste receptor is continuously stimulated. In contrast, saliva protects the taste receptor from damage brought about by dryness and bacterial infection, and from disuse atrophy via a decrease in transport of taste stimuli to the receptor sites. This is a long-term effect of saliva that may be related to taste disorders. These various effects of saliva on the taste perception differ depending on the anatomical relationship between the taste buds and oral openings of the ducts of the salivary glands. Many taste buds are localized in the trenches of the foliate and circumvallate papillae, where the lingual minor salivary glands (von Ebner's glands) secrete saliva. Taste buds situated at the surface of the anterior part of the tongue and soft palate are bathed with the mixed saliva secreted mainly by the three major salivary glands.
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PMID:Role of saliva in the maintenance of taste sensitivity. 1200 16

The effects of lead (Pb) administration on infection-induced decreases in water intake, food intake, and body weight gain have been assessed as manifestations of sickness behavior using a BALB/c mouse model. Pb acetate (0.5 mM) was administered via drinking water to dams from Day 0 postpartum to weaning and to mouse pups after weaning until sacrifice. At 22 days after birth, young mice were infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Mice with blood Pb levels of less than 25 microg/dl exhibited enhanced and prolonged sickness behavior compared to mice not exposed to Pb. With this mouse model, after infection, serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 were enhanced in Pb-exposed mice. Compared with control infected mice, significant reductions in the number of thymic CD4(+)CD8(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells were observed in Pb-exposed mice. As a substitute for the infection, mice were injected with IL-1 and/or IL-6; Pb exacerbated sickness behavior only in mice injected peripherally with IL-1 and IL-6. Our data in young mice suggest that children with blood Pb levels during bacterial infection may exhibit enhanced and prolonged sickness behavior due to Pb/cytokine-dependent processes and that Pb appears to influence sickness behavior depending on the types and amounts of cytokines generated.
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PMID:Neonatal lead exposure potentiates sickness behavior induced by Listeria monocytogenes infection of mice. 1209 92

Basidiobolus ranarum is a saprophytic fungus in the environment that also is a part of the endogenous microflora in the gastrointestinal tract of several vertebrates. These organisms may penetrate skin or muscosa of humans and other animals, causing granulomatous inflammation. Two dogs infected with B. ranarum had prolonged or repeated exposure to water or soil in their environment. One dog had progressive subcutaneous infection of all the limbs, and the other dog had recurrent coughing and dyspnea caused by tracheobronchitis. In both dogs, secondary bacterial infection of the lesions was evident. Treatment of the dog with subcutaneous infection involved cutaneous dressings and sequential use of enrofloxacin and itraconazole; however, this resulted in suspected liver damage without clinical improvement. Subsequent treatment with potassium iodide and a lipid formulation of amphotericin B was also unsuccessful, and the dog was euthanatized. The other dog was treated alternately with enrofloxacin and itraconazole. When the clinical signs and infection returned, combination treatment with both drugs was more effective; however, the dog developed liver damage. Subsequent treatment with enrofloxacin on an intermittent basis controlled the dog's coughing during a 3-year period.
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PMID:Infection with Basidiobolus ranarum in two dogs. 1218 3

Until recently, it was not feasible to conduct genome-wide screening for gene transcript variations that play key roles in the pathogenesis of otitis media. In this study microarray technology was used to profile differential gene expression patterns from rat middle ear mucosa at 12 and 48 h after Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for independent verification of the microarray results. Three ion transport mRNAs were simultaneously suppressed more than 4-fold at 12 h in bacteria-challenged ears, including Na,K-ATPase alpha I subunit (SPATPa1), sodium channel beta 2 subunit (SCNB2) and sodium-hydrogen exchange protein isoform 2 subunit (NHE2). At 48 h after infection, the mRNA levels of SCNB2 and NHE2 had decreased 7- and 10-fold, respectively, whereas the relatively abundant SPATPa1 transcript showed recovery. The downregulation of Na(+)-transporting transcripts suggests a reduced number of epithelial cells and transporting proteins and/or the dysfunction of sodium transporters secondary to the bacterial infection. These changes can disrupt the coupling of the apical Na + entry and basolateral Na + extrusion, deplete the electrochemical Na+ transmembrane gradient, disrupt the intracellular osmotic equilibrium and lead to intracellular acidification and the accumulation of excess sodium, water and other organic and inorganic molecules in the middle ear cavity. Any or all of these changes may contribute to the initiation and persistence of middle ear mucosa inflammation and effusion during an episode of bacterial acute otitis media.
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PMID:Suppression of epithelial ion transport transcripts during pneumococcal acute otitis media in the rat. 1220 56

Morbidity data from the dispensary of the district of Sangha, Mali, are analyzed. The morbidity data do not precisely mirror the health situation of the district because some villages located 2 or 3 hours away have less recourse to the dispensary. Data were collected for May, when the dry season ends, and September, when significant rainfall occurs. 578 persons were treated in May. The parasite Schistosoma haematobium, which is present in shallow and stagnant water and around onion fields, was the largest single cause of consultation. Schistosoma haematobium causes genital bilharziasis leading to sterility in women, genitourinary infections, and neoplastic bladder disease. A number of women had combined vaginitis-adnexitis causing tubal obstruction, and some also had uterine fibromas. Almost 20% of consultations were concerned with pathologies of the urinary or genital tracts. In all, 47.2% of consultations were for parasitic diseases including 28.4% for bilharziasis; 17.8% for bacterial diseases including 8.1% for gonorrhea, 5.7% for anemia, 5.3% for gastroenterologic problems, 3.1% for ophthalmologic problems, and 20.9% for other or poorly defined causes. The dusty air in the end of the dry season was the cause of colds which sometimes led to bronchopneumopathies. Intestinal parasites accounted for less than 3% of consultations. There were 537 consultations in September 1991. Parasite infections again accounted for 45.7% of consultations, with 15.1% due to malaria. Bacterial diseases accounted for 16.9%, with gonorrhea responsible for 9.2%. 4.3% of consultations were for anemia, 9.8% for gastroenterological problems, 4.5% for ophthalmologic problems, and 18.8% for other or poorly defined causes.
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PMID:[Aspects of the pathology of the Dogon of Sangha]. 1228 96

Q-Fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetti. C. burnetti is an obligate intracellular parasite. It lives in phagolysosome of the host cell. By its infection of the sensitive persons develops the acute noncharacteristic disease, which passes noncharacteristically, with the appearance of higher temperature, headache, fever, weakness of the organism or by the appearance of symptoms of the undifferentiated infection of the upper parties of the respiratory system. In the course of the infection is being developed the intersticial pneumonia, what is the reason of the infected hospitalization. Most often get sick the sheep, cows and goats, what showed also on our examined sample. In most animals the symptoms of this bacterial infection are not present, pass unobviously, and get turned out during their gravidity. The most important carriers of the causes of this disease on the domestic or wild animals are artropodes, in which within the kind is possible also the transvatial and transstadial transfer. The wild animals transfer the disease at the domestic ones, and people most often are infected by contact with these animals, their consuming of meat or milk or by contact with their secretions. Though, the most important way of getting infected of people is aerosol contaminated by the carrier as these bacteria for a long get kept in the contaminated dust, wool, animal skin, fur, straw and the excretions of the infected animals. In the illusorilly healthy and pregnant animals the bacteria are to be found in the fertile water, chorions, and placenta, that is C. burnetti becomes the cause of the premature birth or abortion in these animals. In this way comes to the bacterial contamination of the environment of the animal itself. The diagnosis of Q.-Fever is complement fixation test, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFT) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA).
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PMID:Q-fever, human and animal morbidity in some regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2000. 1237 56

Intracellular phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) is responsible for releasing arachidonic acid from cellular phospholipids, and is thought to be the first step in eicosanoid biosynthesis. Intracellular PLA(2)s have been characterized in fat body and hemocytes from tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta. Here we show that bacterial challenge stimulated increased PLA(2) activity in isolated hemocyte preparations, relative to control hemocyte preparations that were challenged with water. The increased activity was detected as early as 15 s post-challenge and lasted for at least 1 h. The increased activity depended on a minimum bacterial challenge dose, and was inhibited in reactions conducted in the presence of oleyoxyethylphosphorylcholine, a site-specific PLA(2) inhibitor. In independent experiments with serum prepared from whole hemolymph, we found no PLA(2) activity was secreted into serum during the first 24 h following bacterial infection. We infer that a hemocytic intracellular PLA(2) activity is increased immediately an infection is detected. The significance of this enzyme lies in its role in launching the biosynthesis of eicosanoids, which mediate cellular immune reactions to bacterial infection.
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PMID:Eicosanoids in insect immunity: bacterial infection stimulates hemocytic phospholipase A2 activity in tobacco hornworms. 1248 29


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