Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by blood flukes which live in the mesenteric and/or vesical veins of humans over a life span of several years. Cercariae are released by infected intermediate snail hosts into fresh water whose larvae then penetrate the skin of man when the individual contacts infected fresh water. Schistosomiasis is debilitating, setting in slowly and causing concern in its chronic stages. Chronic infection results in complications such as liver fibrosis and portal hypertension for Schistosoma mansoni and ureteric obstruction, bacterial infection, and cancer of the bladder for S. haematobium. In endemic areas, children have the highest prevalence and intensity of infection due to their more extensive contact with water relative to adults. Chemotherapy helps to control the disease, but population immigration, untreated pregnant women and very young children, and the selectiveness of control strategies make reinfection inevitable. This paper reports findings on the rate of reinfection with S. mansoni in Kirinyaga district, Kenya, between September 1983 and December 1988, after a prevention and control intervention. Schistosomiasis is endemic in that area of Kenya. Measures applied during the intervention included chemotherapy and community mobilization to effect change in water contact habits and faecal disposal. Individuals aged 5-19 years showed an increasing trend of reinfection compared to individuals aged 30-59 years, with more than 50% of subjects in the 5-19 year old age group being reinfected by twelve months of follow-up. The young age group also accounted for 91% of the egg-load and 83% of all infections at the end of the study period. The majority of the 5-19 year old age group comprises school children. An urgent need therefore exists to cover schistosomiasis-related issues in schools.
 ...
PMID:Pattern of Schistosoma mansoni infection after intervention in Mwea irrigation scheme in Kenya. 779 62

Many patients are misdiagnosed as having refractory chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, and are treated with antibiotics and/or alpha-blockers with variable success. This study was designed to ascertain the potential diagnostic role of synchronous video-pressure-flow urodynamics and the therapeutic role of transurethral incision of the bladder neck in 34 consecutive men (age 26 to 51 years) with a minimum of 2 years of misdiagnosis. Duration of symptoms ranged from 25 to 126 months (mean 38.3). The average number of previous antibiotic days ranged from 42 to 136 (mean 54.3). In addition, 24 men were given empiric trials of alpha-blockers, all unsuccessful. Patients with evidence of bacterial infection or excessive leukocytes in expressed prostatic secretions were excluded from the study. Of these 34 patients 31 had urodynamic evidence of bladder outlet obstruction localized fluoroscopically to the vesical neck, while the remaining 3 had normal studies. The mean pretreatment maximum urine flow was 9.2 ml. per second and the mean maximal detrusor pressure was 76.3 cm. water. In 31 patients the bladder neck was incised at the 5 o'clock position from the bladder neck to the verumontanum with the patient under caudal (22) or spinal (9) anesthesia. Of these 31 patients 30 had marked subjective improvement in symptoms with an increase in maximal urine flow to 16.4 and 15.7 ml. per second at 3 and 6 months, respectively. The remaining patient noticed continued symptoms despite urine flow improvement. All 31 patients reported postoperative antegrade ejaculation. These results indicate that many men who are categorized as having and empirically treated for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis are misdiagnosed and, in fact, have bladder outlet obstruction. Urodynamics are helpful in diagnosing and predicting success in these patients. Furthermore, transurethral incision of the bladder neck is an effective and safe therapeutic modality in this group.
 ...
PMID:Urodynamic evidence of vesical neck obstruction in men with misdiagnosed chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and the therapeutic role of endoscopic incision of the bladder neck. 796 75

We developed a mouse model of acute encephalopathy induced by verotoxin 2 variant (VT2v)-producing Escherichia coli. Three-week-old mice were inoculated intragastrically with approximately 10(10) CFU of E. coli O157:H- strain E32511/HSC and simultaneously given an intraperitoneal injection of mitomycin (MMC; 2.5 mg/kg). Drinking water containing 5 g of streptomycin sulfate per liter was given ad libitum from 3 days before the infection. From 1 to 2 days after bacterial inoculation, clinical features including weight loss, weakness, and flaccid paralysis of the extremities developed, usually culminating in death within 4 days. Diarrhea was not observed during the course of disease. No mice died in the absence of streptomycin or MMC treatment for 2 weeks after the oral bacterial infection. Judging from the clinical course and the biochemical and histological examination, the cause of death was not likely to be attributable to renal failure or to a side effect of MMC. To better understand the cause of death, we examined the brain cortex and spinal cord of the moribund mice by electron microscopy. Mice showing mortal symptoms were given horseradish peroxidase intravenously. The tracer was present in the endothelial basal lamina, in the surrounding extracellular spaces, and even in the neuron fibers of the brain cortex. Furthermore, immunoreactivity of VT2v, proved by the use of rabbit anti-VT2 serum, was localized selectively in the damaged myelin sheaths of neuron fibers which were accompanied by edematous axons in the brain cortex and spinal cord. These findings strongly suggest that VT2v is toxic to both endothelial cells and neurons in the central nervous system and subsequently causes fatal acute encephalopathy.
 ...
PMID:Direct evidence of neuron impairment by oral infection with verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H- in mitomycin-treated mice. 803 16

Exposure to ozone (O3) has been shown to increase susceptibility of mice to bacterial infection; however, the underlying mechanism has not been well elucidated. This study investigated the effect of O3 exposure on the ability of mice to combat an infectious challenge of Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Following a 3-h exposure to either air, 0.4 ppm O3, or 0.8 ppm O3, 5- and 9-week-old mice received an aerosol infection of bacteria. Intrapulmonary killing of the bacteria was impaired in the O3-exposed mice. The effect was most severe at the higher dose of O3 in the younger mice, and showed good correlation to subsequent mortality assessed over a 20-day period. Alveolar macrophages (AM) from O3-exposed mice had an impaired ability to phagocytose the bacteria. Additionally, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels, which are known to depress AM function, were increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the younger mice following exposure to O3, while pretreatment with indomethacin in the drinking water blunted the increased of PGE2 and reduced O3 enhanced mortality from 53 to 33%. The data show that O3 inhalation can reduce the defensive capability of the murine lung and that this is associated with a reduction in AM phagocytosis. The defect is more marked in young mice, suggesting that they may be more susceptible to oxidant exposure. Further studies are required to distinguish between direct toxicity of O3 on the AM and indirect suppression due to modulation of pharmacologic or inflammatory mediators.
 ...
PMID:Factors that influence the suppression of pulmonary antibacterial defenses in mice exposed to ozone. 831 1

It is known that cystatins have not only regulatory functions in cellular protein catabolism, but also other physiological functions against viral and/or bacterial infection. Recently we have fond cystatin in the human hair shaft. The activity of human hair cystatin in a water extract of pieces of it reached a plateau after 3-hour incubation. The activity of cystatin was compared among three different lengths of hair. The shorter the hair was cut, the more hair cystatin was extracted. Cystatin was more easily extracted by adding a water-soluble detergent. On the basis of these results, the loss of human hair cystatin from the hair shaft seemed to be affected by the condition of the hair surface and by the detergents in hair shampoo.
 ...
PMID:[Effect of shampoo on human hair cystatin extraction]. 833 90

The relationship between pancreatic duct pressure, bile, bacterial infection of bile, and the development of acute pancreatitis was studied in a feline model. The cat main pancreatic duct was perfused from the head to the tail of the gland with bile and/or Escherichia coli bacteria at "basal" pancreatic duct pressure (< 10 cm H2O) and at pancreatic duct pressure in the upper physiologic range (45 cm H2O). Sterile bile and sterile control solution produced no inflammatory alterations at either pressure. Infected control solution caused a mild acute edematous pancreatitis under low and high pressure. Infected bile caused a severe acute edematous pancreatitis at basal duct pressure; at high pressure, additional focal acinar necrosis was observed in the majority of animals. Infected bile was found to raise basal pancreatic duct pressure by 30%. The other test solutions, which caused only mild inflammatory alterations of the pancreas, did not alter duct pressure. We conclude: (1) Bacterial infection is important for the initiation of acute pancreatitis in this model. (2) High physiologic duct pressure may result in the conversion of nondestructive forms of the inflammation to acinar necrosis. (3) Infected bile-induced increase in duct pressure is likely to result from compression of the duct lumen by the inflammatory edema of the gland.
 ...
PMID:Bile-induced acute pancreatitis in cats. Roles of bile, bacteria, and pancreatic duct pressure. 842 Jul 58

Recent reports have indicated that rats subjected to total sleep deprivation (TSD) by the disk-over-water method and sacrificed when death appeared imminent showed aerobic bacteria in their blood. Yoked control rats did not. Extrapolating from these results, it has been suggested that the late body temperature declines and eventual deaths of TSD rats are caused by septicemia, and that other, earlier-appearing effects of TSD-including weight loss, increased energy expenditure, and regulation of temperature at a higher level-might be mediated by impaired host defenses against bacterial invasion. Three measures of aerobic bacterial invasion were used to evaluate these hypotheses: bacteremia, bacterial colonization in major organs of filtration (liver, kidney, and mesenteric lymph nodes), and adherence of bacteria to the cecal wall. Experiment 1 showed nonsignificant trends toward more bacterial invasion in 4-day TSD rats compared to yoked control rats and no relationship between the bacterial indicators and the early TSD effects. Experiment 2 showed that the elimination of aerobic bacterial infection by antibiotic treatment did not prevent the early TSD effects in 4-day TSD rats. Experiment 3 showed that the elimination of aerobic bacterial invasion in TSD rats did not eliminate the late temperature decline or the progression towards death. The results showed no significant evidence of aerobic bacterial invasion early in TSD and no indication that the major effects of TSD were dependent upon aerobic bacterial invasion.
 ...
PMID:Are physiological effects of sleep deprivation in the rat mediated by bacterial invasion? 889 34

The effect of a prolonged low dose infusion of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on acute phase-like reactions was examined in heifers. LPS (2 micrograms kg-1 dissolved in 100 ml water), or saline was infused (at 1 ml min-1) intravenously for 100 minutes and blood samples were taken at various times before, during and after the infusion. The serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum amyloid A (SAA) and the rectal temperature increased in response to the LPS infusion. Serum TNF alpha increased before the increases in IL-1 beta and IL-6 and remained high from 20 minutes after the onset of the infusion until the end of the sampling period (six hours). The LPS-induced increases in serum IL-1 beta and IL-6 were biphasic. Plasma cortisol and lactate concentrations also increased, and plasma glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations decreased in response to the LPS infusion. The similarity of these reactions to changes observed in response to bacterial infections shows that the prolonged infusion of low doses of LPS is a good model for studying the acute phase response to Gram-negative bacterial infection in heifers.
 ...
PMID:Characterisation of the acute phase response of heifers to a prolonged low dose infusion of lipopolysaccharide. 893 57

During the terminal stages of AIDS, Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is the most common disseminated bacterial infection in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) experimentally inoculated with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The source of mycobacterial infection in 15 SIV-inoculated rhesus macaques housed in a biolevel 3 containment facility was investigated using a sensitive polymerase chain reaction typing technique. Six animal isolates had banding profiles identical to that of 1 environmental isolate obtained from the facility's water distribution system. An additional 6 isolates had banding profiles differing by the addition or loss of one or two bands from this and 1 other water isolate. These findings indicate that potable water may serve as a significant source of mycobacterial infection in SIV-inoculated macaques and suggest that strategies to prevent exposure to mycobacteria within potable water should be investigated as a method to prevent mycobacteriosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons.
 ...
PMID:Simian immunodeficiency virus-inoculated macaques acquire Mycobacterium avium from potable water during AIDS. 898 17

This article provides biological and technological information to support routine use of new cohesive bonding systems with definitive restorations. With these systems, clinicians may expect many advantages over the more traditional water soluble base and liner systems. Hybridization of vital dentin will prevent postoperative hypersensitivity under restorations and completely seal the tooth-restoration interface to prevent bacterial infection of the underlying substrate, ultimately reducing recurrent caries underneath the hybridized restoration.
 ...
PMID:Biocompatibility of dental adhesives. 905 14


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>