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Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Oxygen consumption is pathologically dependent on oxygen delivery in ARDS and sepsis. We asked whether oxygen consumption is dependent on oxygen delivery in severe acute respiratory failure secondary to AIDS-related PCP. In five patients who had AIDS-related PCP, diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, no evidence of bacterial infection, and acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation with arterial oxygen tensions less than 75 mm Hg while breathing at least 50 percent oxygen, and PEEP greater than 10 cm H2O, we determined oxygen delivery and consumption by calculation from thermodilution cardiac output and arterial and mixed venous oxygen contents. Oxygen delivery was increased using transfusion of two units of packed red blood cells over one hour. Oxygen delivery increased 22 percent (638 +/- 204 to 778 +/- 201 ml/min.m2, p less than or equal to 0.006). Oxygen consumption increased 11 percent (134 +/- 34 to 149 +/- 29 ml/min.m2, p less than or equal to 0.02). The oxygen extraction ratio did not change. We conclude that similar to ARDS and sepsis, oxygen consumption may be pathologically dependent on oxygen delivery in patients who have severe acute respiratory failure secondary to AIDS-related PCP.
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PMID:Pathologic dependence of oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery in acute respiratory failure secondary to AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 224 89

The inhalation toxicity of a commercial sample of an ice-nucleation-active Pseudomonas syringae (strain 31a) was evaluated by repetitively exposing rats to about 700 mg/m3 of an aerosol consisting of a suspension of 0.0008, 0.4 or 0.8 g/l of bacteria in water for 2 h per day, 5 days per week for 13-14 exposures. No mortality, moribundity or biologically significant differences in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption or clinical pathology were observed. Animals tested at 500 times (0.4 g/l) and 1000 times (0.8 g/l) the recommended ice-nucleation concentration (0.0008 g/l) exhibited concentration-dependent increased lung weights. Several animals exhibited enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The pulmonary responses observed are considered compatible with a mild irritant reaction. There was no evidence of bacterial infection. Animals tested at a concentration typical for the discharge mouth of a snow gun (0.0008 g/l) demonstrated no significant biological effect.
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PMID:Subacute inhalation toxicity study of an ice-nucleation-active Pseudomonas syringae administered as a respirable aerosol to rats. 226 Jan 13

For further characterization of the mechanism involved in the anorexia during bacterial infection, we investigated whether muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the minimal immunologically active structure of gram-positive bacterial cell walls, affects rats' food intake in the same way as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli. MDP (1.6 mg/kg body weight = b.wt.) injected intraperitoneally (IP) reduced food intake by decreasing meal frequency without affecting meal size. Indomethacin (2.5 mg/kg b.wt., IP) but not verapamil (5 mg/kg b.wt., IP) attenuated the hypophagic effect of MDP. In further experiments, MDP and LPS (100 micrograms/kg b.wt., IP) both inhibited gastric emptying and indomethacin failed to block this effect of LPS. Hepatic vagotomy did not attenuate the hypophagic effects of MDP or LPS. LPS reduced water intake only when food was available, but reduced food intake also during water deprivation. MDP did not affect water intake. MDP and LPS both had an aversive effect, but LiCl, which was also aversive, failed to reduce feeding under the conditions tested. This questions the role of a conditioned taste aversion in the hypophagia induced by MDP or LPS. The results suggest that a stimulation of eicosanoid synthesis contributes to MDP-induced hypophagia and may therefore also contribute to the anorexia during infection. In contrast, an inhibition of gastric emptying, an activation of hepatic satiety signals or a reduction of water intake, does not seem to be crucial for the hypophagic effects of MDP or LPS.
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PMID:Comparison of the effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and muramyl dipeptide on food intake. 238 34

Acute rhinitis is an acute inflammatory disease affecting nasal mucous membranes, most frequently caused by viral infections. Complications include secondary bacterial invasion. Treatment is mainly symptomatic. Antibiotics should be prescribed only when significant bacterial infection is demonstrated. Local vasoactive drugs should not be used but occasionally their oral administration can be effective. Hypertrophic and atrophic forms may be differentiated among chronic rhinitis. Hypertrophic forms include congestive, hiperplastic and allergic lesions of nasal and sinus mucous membranes. Allergic rhinitis should be treated with antihistamines, descongestants and avoidance of allergen. The atrophic forms with crust formation and foul breath are usually managed with local flushings of 9% sodium chloride in water followed by instillation of fluid vaseline, but in some resistant cases reduction of intranasal space by surgical insertion of acrylic pieces is recommended. Nasal obstruction, foul odor, dryness sensation and headache are usually controlled in 90% of these surgically treated patients.
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PMID:[Rhinitis]. 269 28

Circadian rhythms in plants are liable to masking, i.e. alterations by environmental influencing agents. Experiments have been reported for both positive and negative masking, attributed to a Zeitgeber which may either increase or decrease the amplitude of a circadian rhythm (CR). In some instances, the CR may even be unexpressed. This inhibition, however, may be alleviated by synchronizing agents. Reports are also available for changes in the shape or pattern of an oscillation. The latter may be prevented, at least in Acetabularia in certain conditions, by a phytohormone antagonist. Masking may also be brought about by water stress, relative humidity, bacterial infection and alteration in the relative direction of the gravitational force. Finally, subjecting plants to constant conditions, particularly continuous light, alters the physiological state of the organism.
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PMID:Masking in plants. 270

Neutropenia is the most important predisposing factor for bacterial infection in immunocompromised hosts. It is mostly associated with mucosal damage as a consequence of chemotherapy. Nearly 50 p. 100 of infections occurring in neutropenic patients are acquired in the hospital. Colonization precedes infection in 80 p. 100 of the cases. The sources of colonization are ubiquitous and include water, air, food and medical personnel while gut colonization is more often responsible for infection than in normal patients. Fungal infection also emerges as an increasing problem in haematology. The use of gut sterilization and of sophisticated protected environments has decreased the frequency and mortality of infection in high risk patients.
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PMID:[Nosocomial infections in neutropenic patients]. 274 Jul 92

Dermonecrosis was induced in ICR mice by subcutaneous implantation of Staphylococcus aureus absorbed onto sterile cotton pellets. This model was used to assess the effects of marijuana smoke, marijuana placebo smoke and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) on the local immune response to bacterial infection. Mice were exposed to 40 or 80 "puffs" of marijuana smoke, marijuana placebo smoke or air daily for 4 consecutive days. The estimated dose of delta 9THC per day generated from 40 or 80 puffs of marijuana smoke was 3.2 and 6.4 mg/kg, respectively. A group of sentinel (Shelf) control mice were included in each experiment. The necrotic index (NI) of mice exposed to 40 or 80 puffs of marijuana smoke were 67% and 44% of control, respectively. Air exposed mice showed a necrotic index comparable to the shelf control group. In chronically (60 days) exposed mice (80 puffs per day) the necrotic index was about 12% of control, while air-exposed mice were about 40% of control. Placebo marijuana smoke exposed mice had a NI comparable to that of marijuana smoke exposed mice which suggested that the reduction in NI was unrelated to the pychomimetic component delta 9THC. To further explore which of the constituents of marijuana were responsible for the decreased NI, the ethanol extract from marijuana leaves was partioned between water (cannabinoid free) and chloroform (cannabinoid rich). Injection of the cannabinoid free fraction produced comparable decrease in the NI as observed with whole marijuana smoke, while the cannabinoid rich fraction produced no effect. delta 9THC at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day did not alter the NI.
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PMID:The effect of subacute marijuana smoke inhalation on experimentally induced dermonecrosis by S. aureus infection. 283 Mar 28

Effect of endotoxin from E. coli on the ATP content in heart muscle, the liver and the kidney of thyrotoxic rats was studied. When endotoxin (200-400 micrograms) was intravenously injected to rats taking drinking water containing 2-7.5 micrograms T3 per ml, body temperature rose and the heart rate increased. At the same time, a marked decrease in the ATP content in heart muscle and the kidney was observed together with an increase in Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Such changes were not observed or seen only to a small extent in euthyroid rats after endotoxin administration. Endotoxin-induced ATP depletion in T3-treated rats was prevented by administration of 5 mg hydrocortisone just prior to endotoxin injection. These findings indicate that endotoxin easily causes ATP depletion in some tissue or organs in thyrotoxicosis, even if the dose of endotoxin is not enough to produce such an effect in the euthyroid. These observations are of interest in relation to thyroid storm associated with bacterial infection.
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PMID:Endotoxin-induced ATP depletion in thyrotoxic rats. 295 88

Collagen and gelatin containing biomaterials are relatively more susceptible to bacterial infection. Systemic administration or local delivery of antibiotics after implantation does not seem to solve the problem either effectively or easily. Antibiotics may be incorporated in the implant; but many, being water soluble, are quickly absorbed and not effective for adequate time periods. Resorcinol monoacetate (RMA) is a relatively water insoluble antibacterial agent which partially crosslinks collagen and has the potential to be an intrinsic antibiotic in collagenous bioprostheses. This study confirms the efficacy of RMA as a chemical that: (a) mildly crosslinks collagen at pH 3.5-4.5; (b) releases very slowly from the pretreated collagen sponge when washed in aqueous medium; (c) inhibits bacterial growth on the pretreated collagen sponges, at 2% (w/w) concentration, for at least 12 days; (d) remains biocompatible under treated conditions.
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PMID:Collagen based biomaterials: an ideal way of increasing their resistance to infection. 321 16

Experimental introduction of Escherichia coli type 04 into the subserosa of the urinary bladder of female Fischer 344 rats produced chronic bacterial infection in more than 90% of animals. Groups of rats with bacterial infection were given sodium nitrate and either piperazine (Group 1) or dibutylamine (Group 2) in the drinking-water. Control, noninfected animals received nitrate and either piperazine (Group 3) or dibutylamine (Group 4). At 40 weeks, transitional-cell carcinomas of the bladder were detected in 9/30 rats in Group 1 compared to 0/34 in Group 3 (p less than 0.0005), and in 11/34 rats in Group 2 compared to 0/32 in Group 4 (p less than 0.0003). Early changes were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as autoradiography. Preneoplastic liver foci were detected in infected groups of animals receiving amine and nitrate, indicating reabsorption of the carcinogen synthesized in situ to induce distant organ transformation. In another experiment, E. coli infection augmented bladder carcinogenesis by N-nitrosobutyl(4-hydroxybutyl)amine (NBHBA), as indicated by earlier appearance of bladder tumours (six weeks compared to nine weeks) and, after 25 weeks, higher incidences of transitional-cell carcinomas (41/46 compared to 39/53, p less than 0.05), squamous metaplasia (43% compared to 9%, p less than 0.0001), glandular metaplasia (26% compared to 13%, p less than 0.05) and muscle invasion (30% compared to 11%, p less than 0.01) in the E. coli-infected group receiving carcinogen compared to the noninfected group receiving carcinogen, respectively. These results indicate that bacterial infection of the urinary bladder may play a major role in bladder carcinogenesis, both by helping in-situ nitrosamine synthesis and by augmenting carcinogenesis by nitrosamines.
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PMID:Escherichia coli infection of the urinary bladder: induction of tumours in rats receiving nitrosamine precursors and augmentation of bladder carcinogenesis by N-nitrosobutyl (4-hydroxybutyl)amine. 331 99


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