Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was produced in eight different strains of mice by the administration of corticosteroids, low (8%)-protein diet, and tetracycline in the drinking water. Heavier degrees of P. carinii infection were most consistently found in C3H/HeN mice; intermediate levels occurred in BALB/c AnN, C57BL/6N, B10.A(2R), AKR/J, and Swiss Webster mice; lighter degrees were found in DBA/2N and DBA/IJ mice. Histopathologically, P. carinii organisms were morphologically indistinguishable from human and rat P. carinii, and elicited a predominantly mononuclear response that was similar among the various mouse strains. The optimal cortisone acetate regimen was 1 mg injected subcutaneously twice weekly. Higher doses shortened the life span of the mice, presumably by inducing overwhelming bacterial infection. This problem occurred not only in different strains of mice, but also in the same strain of mice obtained from different breeders. Thus, cortisonized mice should be useful in the study of experimental P. carinii infection. Success of this model depends on the corticosteroid dose, as well as the strain, source, general health, and preexisting microbial flora of the mice chosen for study.
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PMID:Experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in different strains of cortisonized mice. 31 7

The cell-free rumen fluid from cattle fed hay or grain exhibited the following biological characteristics which strongly suggest the presence of endotoxin or a toxic principle similar to endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria: proved lethal to mice when injected with actinomycin D; proved extremely lethal to chick embryo; induced biphasic pyogenic response in rabbits; enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection in mice; evoked positive epinephrine skin reaction in rabbits and phenol-water or aqueous ether proved lethal to mice and chick embryos. A quantitative difference in concentrations of endotoxin was observed on LD50 in mice and chick embryos and response to the epinephrine skin test in rabbits. Cell-free rumen fluid of grain-fed cattle contained at least twice as much endotoxin as that of hay-fed cattle. Endotoxin in cell-free rumen fluid and in higher concentration in cattle fed grain than in those fed hay support the hypothesis that rumen bacterial endotoxins may participate in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with high grain feeding such as lactic acidosis and the sudden-death syndrome.
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PMID:Endotoxic activity of cell-free rumen fluid from cattle fed hay or grain. 72 53

The pulmonary resorption of air pollutants constitute a significant factor for the whole body burden of men, as can be shown for lead, SO2 and CO. Particle size as well as water and lipid solubility of the noxious agents are important variables for the extent of the interaction with the pulmonary surface. Main objects for the inhalative pollutants are the bronchioli terminales and the respiratory epithel. The electronmicroscopic investigations point out a specific irritability of these structures as far as lead, oxydants and fibers are concerned. Comparatively low concentrations of the agents produce, in chronic exposure, changes in the caliber of the small airways and widening of the ductus alveolares and the alveoli. In addition to the reduction of the inner lungsurface one observes a thickening of the diffusion barrier in loco through some harmful substances. A number of pollutants influence a primary cytotoxic effect on alveolar macrophages. Thereby the bacterial infection resistance of the lung is reduced; moreover the phagozytes play an important part for the detoxification of carcinogenic carbohydrates. Hence the lung functions as a resorptionorgan, as a protectionorgan and as an object of damage for various air pollutants.
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PMID:[Behaviour of the lung as an organ of absorption and reaction when air-borne contaminants are inhaled (author's transl)]. 99 39

Bivalve mollusks (oysters, clans, and mussels) filter large quantities of water unselectively and thereby may concentrate a variety of aquatic contaminants pathogenic for man within edible shellfish viscera. The recognized bacterial disease associated with ingestion of contaminated bivalves include typhoid fever (not presently a public health problem), Vibrio parahemolyticus gastroenteritis, and Vibrio chloerae infection. The major known shellfish-associated viral diseases are viral hepatitis and possibly viral gastroenteritis. The ingestion of bivalves that have fed on the toxic species of dinoflagellates that produce red tides may be responsible for an uncommon and very rarely fatal illness, paralytic shellfish poisoning. Outbreaks of airborne respiratory irritation in populations exposed to red tides may be the most common public health problem associated with red tides. The health hazards resulting from industrial, agricultural, and oil pollution of bivalves in coastal waters and the hazard from improper handling of bacterially contaminated mollusks remain to be defined.
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PMID:Health hazards of bivalve-mollusk ingestion. 109 99

Contraception using IUDs and oral contraception, and sterilization in heart disease are discussed. IUDs are contraindicated in heart patients in whom bacterial infection might present special dangers (heart valve disease and certain congential heart defects), and in patients receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy, because of the increased risk of hemorrhage. Oral contraceptives are contraindicated because of the frequently observed water retention and weight gain, their effects on arterial blood pressure, and their contribution to thromboembolic desease. During sterilization procedures, particular attention should be given to anesthesia and to position. Contraindications are relative, depending on the patients' status and many other factors.
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PMID:[Contraception in cardiac patients]. 125 37

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic, gram negative bacillus that causes serious hospital acquired infections. However, it also causes infections with unusual presentations which are acquired in a non-hospital environment. This report will discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and therapy of this uncommon infection, such as: 1) Pseudomonas folliculitis: a superficial or deep bacterial infection associated with the use of public hot tubs, whirlpools and swimming pools. 2) Invasive external otitis: an infection that can progress to skull base mostly associated to elderly diabetic patients. It is usually secondary to aural irrigation with contaminated water. 3) Pseudomonas osteomyelitis: an infection usually associated with nail puncture wounds especially if wearing tennis shoes. 4) Toe with infection: mostly associated with individuals using topical antibacterial agents. 5) Green nail syndrome: a non tender paronychia lesion that appears most often in persons whose hands are constantly exposed to water, soaps and detergents or are subject to mechanical trauma. 6) Corneal ulcer keratitis: mostly associated with the use of soft lenses, eye drops, mascara or contaminated whirlpools. This condition may terminate in panophthalmitis. 7) Endocarditis: most commonly associated with intravenous drug addicts.
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PMID:Unusual presentation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a review. 181 75

For nearly 80 years clinical melioidosis has been considered a rare disease. This bacterial infection is caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei, a saprophyte found in soil and surface water of endemic areas. Consequently, those who have most contact with soil, the rural poor, are likely to be at greatest risk of infection. Since the diversity of clinical manifestations necessitates the isolation and identification of the causative organism for a definitive diagnosis of melioidosis and the population at greatest risk within endemic areas rarely have access to an appropriate level of health care, the disease has probably been underrecognized. Melioidosis is now known to be an important cause of human morbidity and mortality in Thailand, and this may be true throughout Southeast Asia, which is usually regarded as the main endemic area for the disease. In Australia, melioidosis causes a smaller number of human infections, while disease among livestock has important economic and possible public health implications. Sporadic reports of the infection indicate its presence in several other tropical regions: in the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and Central and South America. Clinical melioidosis may be highly prevalent in these areas, but underdiagnosed as a result of a lack of awareness of the clinical and microbiological features of the disease, or simply because of a lack of health care facilities. Furthermore, during the last two decades the importation and transmission of melioidosis within nontropical zones have been documented. The causative organism is not difficult to grow, and modern antibiotics have improved disease prognosis. Further studies are needed to determine the true worldwide distribution and prevalence of melioidosis so that improved therapeutic and preventive measures can be developed and applied.
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PMID:Melioidosis: the tip of the iceberg? 200 47

Bacterial infection is a common complication after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. It is related to the toxic effects of the conditioning regimen on mucosal surfaces, to bone marrow aplasia and to the prolonged lymphopenia with immune deficiency that lasts for several weeks after bone marrow transplantation. We have performed a prospective randomized study comparing two methods of prophylaxis. Group I (OA) received a combination of ofloxacin 400 mg/day and amoxicillin 20 g/day; group II (VTC) received the oral nonabsorbable antibiotics vancomycin 450 mg/day, tobramycin 450 mg/day and colistin 4.5.10(6) units daily, from day -15 to 15 days after discharge from laminar air flow (LAF) rooms. All patients were nursed in LAF rooms with a strict isolation procedure and sterile water and food. They were evaluated daily for clinical symptoms, and bacterial culture samples were taken from the throat, stools and blood twice weekly. Forty-four patients were randomized, 22 entered in group I (OA) and 22 in group II (VTC). There were no differences between the two groups in age (mean 33 years, range 11-54), sex, diagnosis and mean duration of agranulocytosis (21.8 days, range 10-49). Seven patients were excluded because of the selection of a resistant bacteria, 5 were in group I (OA), and 2 were in group II (VTC). The mean duration of fever was 9.2 +/- 7.1 days in group I (OA) and 13.7 +/- 6.8 days in group II (VTC; p = 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in graft-versus-host disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Prophylaxis of bacterial infections after bone marrow transplantation. A randomized prospective study comparing oral broad-spectrum nonabsorbable antibiotics (vancomycin-tobramycin-colistin) to absorbable antibiotics (ofloxacin-amoxicillin). 204 63

Insects synthesize several types of hemolymph proteins in response to bacterial infection. The objective of this study was to characterize a 48,000 dalton hemolymph protein induced in larvae of Manduca sexta after injection of bacteria. The protein, isolated by cation exchange and gel filtration chromatography from hemolymph of larvae injected with Micrococcus lysodeikticus, was found to be a glycoprotein with pI = 8.4. The molecular weight, isoelectric point, amino acid composition, and NH2 terminal sequence of the protein are similar to bacteria-induced protein P4 from Hyalophora cecropia, and the M. sexta protein is also designated P4. The hemolymph concentration of M. sexta P4 (35 +/- 7 micrograms/ml in day 3 fifth instar larvae) increases 30- to 45-fold by 48 h after injection of bacteria, but it does not increase in response to injection of distilled water. Lower levels of induction occur after injection of peptidoglycan fragments, zymosan, and lipopolysaccharide. The properties of M. sexta P4 are very similar to those of a previously characterized M. sexta hemolymph protein known as postlarval protein, and antibodies against P4 bind to post-larval protein.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of bacteria-induced protein P4 from hemolymph of Manduca sexta. 213 20

Athletic activity may cause or aggravate skin disorders, which in turn may diminish athletic performance. Since many sporting activities necessitate prolonged exposure to the sun, athletes must avoid painful sunburn which will adversely affect their performance. Drugs and chemicals also may cause photoallergic and/or phototoxic reactions, including polymorphous light eruption and athletes should thus avoid photosensitising drugs and chemicals. The effects of chronic ultraviolet exposure include ageing, pigmentation and skin cancers. The most effective protection against excessive exposure to sunlight is the use of sunscreens, although inadequate application and poor protection in the UVA spectrum may diminish their effectiveness and contact allergies may create other problems. Viral, bacterial and fungal infections are common in athletes due to heat, friction and contact with others. Herpes simplex may be treated with any drying agents (e.g. alcohol) as they are as effective as more expensive topical agents such as acyclovir. Molluscum contagiosum may be spread by close contact or water contact and is treated by superficial incision, cryotherapy or standard wart varnishes. Plantar wart infection is transmitted by swimming pool decks, changing rooms and hand-to-hand from weights in gymnasiums. Plantar warts presenting with pain may be aggressively treated, by blunt dissection, but painless ones are best treated conservatively. Impetigo and folliculitis often develop after trauma. Antibiotics are effective against mild infections while abrasions and lacerations should be cleansed and dressed with occlusive dressings. Diphtheroid bacteria in moist footwear may produce pitted keratolysis and erythrasma. Tinea pedis is common in athletes and probably originates in swimming pools, gymnasium floors and locker rooms. Interdigital, dry-moccasin and pustular-midsole forms can be distinguished. The latter two forms respond to topical antifungal agents, while the interdigital form, a mixed fungal/bacterial infection, is treated with debridement, antibiotics and drying routine similar to the therapy of otitis externa. Nail infections by a variety of organisms may appear as onycholysis with or without paronychia and should be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. Tinea versicolor occurs in heat and humidity. Since Pityrosporum orbiculare is part of the normal flora it often recurs, necessitating regular treatment. Acute trauma injuries include contusions, black heel or petichiae of the heel, black toe (bleeding under the nail), 'jogger's nipple' caused by chafing, and foot blisters. Chronic trauma may result in calluses, corns and paronychia. Plantar corns can be disabling and may be caused by overly tight shoes or abnormalities in biomechanics; treatment includes restoring normal foot function and minimal surgical procedures. Paronychia is treated best by wedge resection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Common cutaneous disorders in athletes. 218 22


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