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Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Samples of CSF, serum, and urine from 162 children with a clinical diagnosis of possible bacterial infection were examined by CIE within 1 hr of admission to the hospital. Results obtained were compared to information derived from gram stain and bacterial cultures of these specimens. Thirty-eight of 59 patients with culturally proved bacterial infections had positive CIE determinations at the time of admission. Highest correlation between culture and CIE results was in patients with meningitis due to Hemophilus influenzae type b while poorest correlation was obtained in children with pneumococcal septicemia. PRP within serum or CSF was quantitated on 21 occasions in patients with H. influenzae meningitis. Patients who experienced sequelae of their meningitis had significantly (p less than 0.005-0.025) higher levels of PRP within CSF and serum than those whose recovery was uneventful.
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PMID:Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis in the evaluation of childhood infections. 415 36

A hemagglutinin extracted from the L-phase of Neisseria meningitidis group B directly agglutinated rabbit and rooster erythrocytes but did not react with human, sheep, or guinea pig erythrocytes. Virtually all animal, chicken, and human sera tested showed inhibitory titers. In a significant number of Navy recruits, who became carriers of N. meningitidis, the titer of serum inhibitor began to decline 2 weeks before the bacterial infection was first detected. Titers of this serum inhibitor ranged from 256 to 4,096 in patients with meningitis. The hemagglutinin failed to boost the preexisting titers of serum inhibitor when injected into animals, although roosters showed a minimal but transitory response.
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PMID:Hemagglutinin from the L phase of Neisseria meningitidis group B, with observations on a serum inhibitor. 500 95

The presence of C-reactive protein in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been proposed as an early indicator of bacterial meningitis in children. A commercial latex agglutination test (CR-test, Hyland) was performed in CSF obtained at first lumbar puncture in 114 children (26 neonates and 88 children aged from 1 month to 15 years) presenting with meningitis-like episodes. The CSF was regarded as normal in 41 cases; 50 had non-bacterial meningitis, and bacterial infection was diagnosed in 14 and suspected in 9. The latex agglutination test was positive in the first CSF sample from 2 neonates with bacterial meningitis, but its specificity was low (= 0.58). In older infants and children the test was positive in 18/21 cases of bacterial meningitis (sensitivity = 0.86) and negative in the 18 cases with normal CSF, as well as in 47/49 cases of non-bacterial meningitis (specificity = 0.97). The presence of C-reactive protein in CSF obtained at first lumbar puncture therefore is unreliable to distinguish between bacterial and aseptic meningitis.
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PMID:[C-reactive protein of the cerebrospinal fluid in children. A new evaluation of its diagnostic value]. 623 60

Two patients had bacteremia with Center for Disease Control group DF-2 Gram-negative rods. Previously described patients infected with this organism had clinical syndromes including cellulitis, meningitis, and endocarditis, and generally were severely ill. One of our patients had acute oligoarticular arthritis. The other had fever, headache, malaise, and a generalized rash. In neither case was bacterial infection considered likely at onset, and neither patient received antibiotic therapy. Both patients recovered completely. The organism is a fastidious Gram-negative rod that only recently has been characterized. Methods for isolating and identifying the organism are reviewed. The spectrum and frequency of illnesses caused by this organism are probably greater than previously recognized.
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PMID:Infection with CDC group DF-2 gram-negative rod: report of two cases. 624 27

Cefmenoxime (CMX) was intravenously administered to 20 children with the following bacterial infection; pneumonia in 14 cases, purulent meningitis in 2 cases, pyothorax in 2 cases, urinary tract infection in 1 case and brain abscess in 1 case. The daily dosage administered in meningitis, pyothorax and brain abscess ranged from 145-311 mg/kg/day, from 43-88 mg/kg/day in other bacterial infections. The therapeutic efficacy was excellent in 15, good in 3, poor in 2 patients, efficacy rate being 90%. Causative organisms were H. influenzae in 4 cases, S. aureus in 2 cases, Streptococcus sanguis in 1 case, E. coli in 1 case and unknown in 12 cases. All were eliminated with the exception of 2 strains of S. aureus after the administration of CMX. As for side effect, transient eosinophilia was only observed in 1 case.
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PMID:[Clinical trial of cefmenoxime in children]. 630 40

The pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum after a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg of TMP and 25 mg of SMX per kg of body weight over approximately 120 min were studied i nine patients who had uninflamed meninges and were undergoing elective myelography. Peak concentrations of TMP and SMX in CSF were 1 microgram/ml and 13.8 micrograms/ml, respectively. The peak TMP concentration in CSF occurred significantly earlier than the peak SMX concentration (60 versus 480 min postinfusion). At 15 h, there was no detectable TMP in the CSF, and there was 4.7 micrograms of SMX per ml of CSF. In the postdistribution phase (in CSF), simultaneous CSF-to-serum concentration ratios ranged from 0.23 to 0.53 for TMP and from 0.20 to 0.36 for SMX. CSF penetration (measured by comparison of the area under the curve of the composite CSF and serum concentration-time curves) was 18% for TMP and 12% for SMX. A loading dose of TMP-SMX (bases on TMP) of 10 to 12 mg/kg and a maintenance dose of 6 mg/kg every 8 h or 8 mg/kg every 12 h (with a 2-h infusion) should yield steady-state peak concentrations of at least 5 micrograms of TMP per ml of serum and 160 micrograms of SMX per ml of serum. Further studies of TMP-SMX administered in these doses in the treatment of serious bacterial infection, including meningitis, are warranted.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of adult patients with normal meninges. 633 81

A solid-phase immunoassay utilizing horse antiserum against the C polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae and biotinylated rabbit antibodies to type-specific pneumococcal polysaccharides was developed to detect pneumococcal antigens in human body fluids and in broth cultures. Pneumococcal antigen could be detected in broth cultures of serotypes of S. pneumoniae containing as little as 10(2) to 10(3) organisms per ml. The assay system detected pneumococcal antigen in all 25 cerebrospinal fluid specimens obtained from patients with documented pneumococcal meningitis. There were no positive reactions noted in specimens from patients infected with Neisseria meningitidis group A or from patients without evidence of bacterial infection. The solid-phase enzyme immunoassay utilizing these reagents is a sensitive and specific assay for the immunodetection of a wide range of pneumococcal antigens.
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PMID:Enzyme immunoassay for detection of pneumococcal antigen in cerebrospinal fluid. 638 83

The current incidence of neonatal sepsis in the United States varies from less than 1 to 8.1 per 1000 live births. The incidence of bacterial meningitis is about one-third of the number of infants with sepsis. The mortality is 20 to 30% and many survivors are severely impaired. Group B streptococcus and Escherichia coli are the most frequent causes of meningitis. Because of the difficulty of clinical diagnosis, many infants receive presumptive therapy for suspected sepsis or meningitis although few have documented infection. Between 5 and 10% of newborn infants born in the United States receive antimicrobial agents in the nursery, usually a penicillin and an aminoglycoside. To lower the continued high mortality and morbidity of meningitis due to gram-negative enteric bacilli, collaborative randomized trials evaluated the efficacy of gentamicin administered via the intrathecal route, gentamicin administered into the ventricle and most recently, the efficacy of moxalactam. Neither intrathecal or intraventricular drug, both in combination with parenteral drug, was advantageous when compared with parenterally administered drug alone. The mortality rate and number of days of culture positive cerebrospinal fluid were similar in infants who received moxalactam and ampicillin and infants who received amikacin and ampicillin. Adjunctive therapies including granulocyte transfusion, administration of hyperimmune gamma globulin and exchange transfusion are now under investigation. Initial studies of prevention of systemic bacterial infection by prophylactic ampicillin administered to the mother at delivery and use of group B streptococcal vaccine administered to susceptible women in the child bearing age show promise.
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PMID:Recent advances in management of bacterial meningitis in neonates. 639 49

In a prospective study serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured in 100 premature infants. All babies were suspected of having bacterial infection (septicemia - meningitis) because of complications during pregnancy and/or during the perinatal period. CRP was measured with the radial immunodiffusion technique. 6/6 babies with bacterial infections proved by positive cultures from blood and/or CSF showed elevated levels of CRP already within 24 h after the first appearance of clinical symptoms suggesting sepsis. In 11 of 21 cases most probably suffering from septicemia CRP rose within a period of 82 h after the appearance of clinical signs. Even extremely immature infants were able to react with elevated CRP concentrations. Peak values of CRP were independent of birth weight. On the other hand, only 2 of 73 babies without clinical or laboratory findings of infection had slightly elevated amounts of CRP for a short time. Therefore it is suggested that increased levels of serum CRP are a valuable parameter for the early diagnosis of severe bacterial infections in premature infants.
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PMID:[Significance of C-reactive proteins (CRP) in serum in bacterial infections of premature infants]. 641 42

1. MIC of 6059-S against 92 strains of clinically isolated bacteria were measured. The compound was active against most of Gram-negative rods, but was not active against Staphylococcus aureus. 2. 20 mg/kg of 6059-S (newly synthesized oxacephem antibiotics) was administered to the pediatric patients and its blood concentration was measured by agar well method using E. coli 7437 as a test organism. 3. The mean blood concentrations were maximum at 15 minutes after intravenous one-bolus injection. Maximum levels were 94.5 mcg/ml in the patients of below 5 years old and 98.7 mcg/ml above 6 years old. Their half-life of the blood levels were 95.4 and 110.6 minutes respectively. 4. The mean blood concentrations were highest at the end of the infusion in the cases of 60 minutes drip injection. Maximum levels were 85.0 mcg/ml in the patients of below 5 years old and 64.8 mcg/ml above 6 years old. 5. Clinical efficacy of 6059-S in 6 cases pyelonephritis, 2 cases of sepsis, 1 case of meningitis, 1 case of intraperitoneal abscess, 9 cases pneumonia and 2 case of tonsillitis was 100%. In the case of urinary tract infection, 4 patients were treated successfully by the administration of 20 mg/kg/day of 6059-S. Other bacterial infections were treated with 55 to 200 mg/kg/day. 6. 100% of the causative organisms were eliminated by 6059-S. They were E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, H. influenzae and beta-Streptococcus. 7. No remarkable side effect was noticed during administration.
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PMID:[Basic and clinical examinations of 6059-S in pediatrics (author's transl)]. 645 66


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