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Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Decreased host defense against bacterial disease associated with influenza infection may be related to virus-induced changes in phagocytic cell function. Influenza A virus initiates the respiratory burst in peripheral blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, with a peak chemiluminescent response approximately 3 min after virus is added to the cells in vitro. Electron micrographs of phagocytic cells incubated with influenza virus demonstrated virus attached to the cell membrane and within phagocytic vacuoles. After 20 min of incubation of the virus with phagocytic cells, the chemiluminescent response to opsonized zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate was decreased by 30 to 90%. Phagocytic activity of monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes incubate with influenza virus was normal, but the bactericidal activity was significantly depressed. Influenza A virus therefore stimulates an oxidative burst in monocytes as well as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, leading to a subsequent depression of the oxidative metabolic response and bactericidal capacity of the phagocytic cells.
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PMID:Depression of monocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte oxidative metabolism and bactericidal capacity by influenza A virus. 705 26

Human monocytes were separated from peripheral blood of 22 normal healthy adults and incubated with Hsw1N1 influenza virus or diluted allantoic fluid. The treated monocyte populations were tested for five parameters of monocyte function. Influenza infection markedly inhibited the monocyte chemotactic response and the killing of Candida albicans; infection also depressed phagocytosis, slightly reduced spreading, but did not affect adhesion to glass. These results suggest that influenza virus may also have an inhibitory effect on monocyte function in vivo and help to explain the increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection and the general immunosuppression seen in influenza infection.
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PMID:Depressed human monocyte function after influenza infection in vitro. 716 71

Infant rats were infected intranasally with wild influenza virus strains, attenuated strain A/Okuda/57 or recombinants prepared from these parents. The growth of viruses in the turbinates or lungs, and the ability of virus infections to potentiate subsequent bacterial infection by Haemophilus influenzae (HIb) were measured. The two wild strains of virus and a recombinant strain WRL105, known to be virulent for man, reached titres of 10(5.1)--10(6.5) EBID50/ml in the turbinates of infant rats 48 h after infections; infection by these viruses was followed by HIb bacteraemia in 77--92% and meningitis in 58--75% of animals. In contrast, virus strains known to be attenuated for man grew to lower titres in infant-rat turbinates and promoted a lower incidence of systemic infection by HIb than the virulent strains. A comparison of the various results of infection of infant rats with influenza virus strains of known pathogenicity for man indicated that the subsequent incidence of HIb bacteraemia was the most discriminating measurement of virus virulence; the range of yields of attenuated virus in rat turbinates overlapped that of virulent strains. These results, together with those of previous studies, indicate that the behaviour of influenza viruses in infant rats is an indication of virus virulence for man, and could provide a test of virulence that would facilitate the development of live attenuated virus vaccines for human use.
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PMID:Influenza virus infection of newborn rats: virulence of recombinant strains prepared from influenza virus strain A/Okuda/57. 738 17

We describe two patients who experienced small-vessel vasculitic syndromes after influenza immunization. Their illnesses were characterized by fever, arthralgias, and myalgias; uveitis and optic neuritis occurred in one patient, while the other had palpable purpura, which histologically was proved to be a cutaneous necrotizing venulitis. No viral or bacterial infection, medications, or underlying systemic rheumatic disease could be implicated. To our knowledge, small-vessel vasculitis occurring after influenza vaccination has not been previously reported.
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PMID:A possible association between influenza vaccination and small-vessel vasculitis. 738 84

The authors have anlyzed the results obtained in the study of indices characterizing phagocytosis and the activity of intracellular leukocytic enzymes in patients with uncomplicated influenza and in those with pneumonia complications. For control, the corresponding parameters were studied in patients with an infectious bacterial disease (erysipelas) and in healthy persons. A decrease in the activity of intracellular leukocytic enzymes, acidic and alkaline phosphatases, was found to be one of the causes of deficient phagocytosis (decreased phagocytic activity and the decreased index of phagocytosis completion in neutrophils).
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PMID:[Mechanism of reduction of the phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils in influenza patients]. 743 24

The lower airways of asymptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients can be colonized by bacteria, mainly Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. However, the role of lower airway bacteria in stable and exacerbated COPD has not been well defined. To determine the importance of lower airway bacterial infection in COPD we studied 40 outpatients with stable COPD (Group A: age 61.1 +/- 9.9 yr; [mean +/- SD]; FEV1/FVC 51.7 +/- 12.5) and 29 outpatients with exacerbated COPD (Group B: age 63.4, SD 9.0 yr; FEV1/FVC 52.0, SD 9.6), using the protected specimen brush (PSB) for microbiology sampling. Group A consisted of outpatients with stable COPD having normal or near-normal chest X-rays, with clinical indications for performing fiber-bronchoscopy (pulmonary nodule, remote hemoptysis); Group B consisted of patients with exacerbated COPD who voluntarily accepted lower airway microbiology sampling. To avoid contamination by upper airway flora the PSB was used for bacterial sampling in all the cases and concentrations > or = 1,000 colony-forming units/milliliter (CFU/ml) were considered positive. Results were as follows: Group A: Lung function data in outpatients with stable COPD were lower than the reference values for this population (FVC 2.97 +/- 1.02 L, FVC% 71.4 +/- 22.4, FEV1 1.59 +/- 0.79 L, FEV1% 51.2 +/- 23.0). Positive PSB cultures were obtained in 10 of 40 cases (25%), mainly of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae. Two of 40 cases had positive cultures at concentrations > or = 10,000 CFU/ml (5.0%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A study of stable and exacerbated outpatients using the protected specimen brush. 755 88

Among 72 adult patients with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis, serological investigation established the presence of an aetiologic agent in 29 (40%). Influenza virus was the most common pathogen. Seven patients had bacterial infection, caused by pneumococci in four patients and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in three. Five of the patients had pneumonia as diagnosed by radiography, and mycoplasmal aetiology was established in one of these. Altogether, 11 patients either had bacterial infection or radiographic pneumonia. Although the doctors' recording of wheezes was strongly associated with prescription of antibiotics (p < 0.0001), wheezes were heard only in two of the 11 patients with pneumonia or bacterial infection, compared with 30 of the 61 patients with viral or unspecified bronchitis. The median value of C-reactive protein (CRP) was 52 mg/l in the 11 patients, significantly higher than < 11 mg/l in the 61 other patients (p < 0.0001). The corresponding values for erythrocyte sedimentation rate were 45 and 14 mm/h (p < 0.0005). The results indicate that certain patients with acute bronchitis should be treated with antibiotics, and that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the CRP-test may be useful in detecting which patients this applies to.
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PMID:[Acute bronchitis in adults. Clinical findings, microorganisms and use of antibiotics]. 800 31

Although the original opportunistic pathogens described in AIDS were protozoal and fungal organisms, bacterial infections are now recognized with increased prevalence and altered expression in patients with HIV infection. Especially since populations outside of North America and populations of i.v. drug abusers have been studied, bacterial infections have been shown to cause substantially increased morbidity and mortality both early and late in the course of HIV infection. Just as strategies have been developed for primary and secondary prophylaxis of classical HIV-related opportunistic infections, prevention of bacterial complications should be a high priority. Good hygiene and avoidance of unsterile needles in illicit drug use, tattooing, ear-piercing, or other cosmetic or ritual activities should be emphasized in patient education. Patients should be counseled to avoid uncooked or poorly cooked eggs and poultry and to avoid unpasteurized milk products. Pneumococcal vaccine is recommended for all HIV-seropositive patients and should be given as early as possible after recognition of HIV infection for maximal efficacy. Influenza vaccine is also recommended. It may have a role in preventing bacterial pneumonia secondary to influenza. Patient management should include regular dental care and nutritional evaluation. The use of intravenous or central catheters should be limited to essential therapies. When patients present with new febrile illness, a high index of suspicion for invasive bacterial disease is appropriate. The signs of serious bacterial infection in HIV-positive patients are subtle. Diagnostic evaluation should include cultures of blood and other relevant clinical specimens. Empiric antimicrobial therapy based on the clinical presentation may be life saving in patients with invasive bacterial disease complicating HIV infection.
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PMID:Bacterial infections in HIV-infected patients. 808 71

Alpha-interferon has emerged as the most effective agent for the treatment of chronic hepatitis when active replication of virus B or D is present. Exogenous administration of human alpha-interferon, now possible through modern large-scale production methods, is associated with disappearance of virus from blood. Amelioration of liver disease occurs in 35% of patients with chronic hepatitis B (e-positive) with interferon doses of 10 MU thrice weekly for 16 weeks; after therapy persistent normalization of serum aminotransferases is observed in 30%. Improvement in liver disease has only occasionally been documented for chronic hepatitis D and for chronic hepatitis B e-minus mutant. Enhanced response rates (> 50%) may possibly be obtained by prolonged intermittent interferon therapy. Combination of interferon with another "antiviral" agent (vidarabine, acyclovir, prednisone) has not increased therapeutic efficacy. Alpha-interferon induces side-effects such as fatigue, flu-like syndrome, myalgia and changes in mood. Patients with decompensated cirrhosis are particularly prone to bacterial infection and disease exacerbation and should receive lower-than-normal doses. Interferon, when applied skillfully, induces the highly beneficial transition of active viral replication into viral latency, thereby greatly reducing infectivity, symptoms and activity of the liver disease.
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PMID:Treatment of chronic hepatitis B. 820 5

The etiology of acute pneumonia was studied in 596 pediatric inpatients at Chiba Municipal Kaihin Hospital between January 1990 and December 1991. A pathogen was identified in 389 (64.4%) episodes of pneumonia. Evidence of bacterial infection was present in 167 (28.8%) episodes, viral infection in 178 (29.9%) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in 89 (14.9%). The major bacterial pathogens were H. influenzae 117 (19.6%), S. pneumoniae 51 (8.6%), M (B). catarrhalis 24 (4.0%). RS virus was the most common respiratory virus. The peak age of the patients was 7 months to 2 years old. For bacterial pneumonia, the highest rates occurred in infants. Mycoplasma pneumonia produced the highest rates in school-age children. Mycoplasma pneumonia was prevalent at two distinct times, the first emerging in the spring of 1990 and emerging again in the autumn of 1991. RS virus and influenza virus epidemics occur during the winter. Most of the parainfluenza virus have been observed during the early summer season.
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PMID:[Etiology of pediatric inpatients with pneumonia]. 836 May 19


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