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Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Charts of 182 outpatient children with bacteremia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza type b or Neisseria meningitidis were reviewed. Twenty-four patients (13%) were afebrile (temperature less than 37.8 degrees C) at presentation. Five afebrile patients had no history of fever. Four of the five had localizing signs of infection and one appeared toxic. Afebrile patients were not strikingly different from febrile bacteremic patients by any assessments. Bacteremia in children cannot be excluded on the basis of absence of fever by history and examination. Blood cultures should be performed on afebrile children who either have localizing signs of serious bacterial infection or appear toxic.
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PMID:Bacteremia in children afebrile at presentation to an emergency room. 356 38

Although it was once thought that bacterial infection was merely a function of the virulence of the microbe it is now known that other pathogens can alter host resistance. With respect to bacterial superinfection during viral pneumonias, three important factors must be considered; the role of the virus, the role of the bacterium, and the immune status of the host. The fact that no one bacterial species is responsible for all human cases of postinfluenzal bacterial pneumonia indicates that there is a general impairment of pulmonary antibacterial defenses brought about by the viral infection. The fact that the rate of intrapulmonary killing varies with different bacterial species indicates that the superinfecting organism can itself play a role in the dual disease process. Finally, it has been amply demonstrated that the resistance of the host is dependent on a variety of factors which include innate variables such as genetic endowment and a multitude of imponderable variables acquired through life experiences which can be considered under the general category of "host factors". All three factors interact and collectively impinge upon the resistance of the host. Lastly, as influenza virus infections occur most frequently in epidemic outbreaks, the relationship between influenza virus and secondary bacterial infections is the classic example. However, there is growing evidence that an association exists between other virus groups and bacterial pathogens in respiratory tract infections. Adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and rhinovirus are among the agents that appear to pave the way for bacterial pneumonias. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, once considered to be a virus and the cause of primary atypical pneumonia, may also render the respiratory tract susceptible to bacterial invasion.
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PMID:Mechanisms of bacterial superinfections in viral pneumonias. 388 82

Thirty patients with pulmonary complications of influenza are described, with particular emphasis on the appearance on the chest films. A wide spectrum of radiological changes was found, partly due to virus and partly to bacterial infection, both modified by the presence of other diseases.
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PMID:Pulmonary complications of influenza: a radiological review of 30 cases. 536 38

Histopathological changes in the lung were assessed in a model infection of mice using swine influenza virus and Staphylococcus aureus. Virus preinfection markedly enhanced both the persistence of S. aureus and the extent and duration of the inflammatory response. Lymphocytic infiltration was increased and regeneration and squamous metaplasia were delayed, suggesting an enhancement of an immunopathological response to the virus. Mice with the dual infection showed a decrease in phagocytic cell infiltration of the lung compared to that observed in those with the bacterial infection only, and this may reflect a decline in alveolar macrophage function after influenza infection.
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PMID:Histopathological changes in the lungs of influenza-infected mice superinfected with Staphylococcus aureus. 625 36

Concomitant, naturally-acquired bacterial infection was the cause of some deaths occurring in neonatal ferrets infected with the attenuated influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34, these being prevented by antibiotic therapy. Bacterial infection played an insignificant role in the greater number of deaths following inoculation with the virulent clone 7a (of the recombinant influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34-A/England/939/69/(H3N2]. As seen previously with clone 7a some ferret neonates infected with A/PR/8/34 died either from obstruction in the upper respiratory tract or from viral pneumonia, but with the latter virus, both types of lesion were probably attributable to the bacterial superinfection.
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PMID:The role of naturally-acquired bacterial infection in influenza-related death in neonatal ferrets. 663 75

Respiratory infection, most prominently bronchiolitis, contracted in infancy is frequently associated with recurrent wheezing episodes and asthma in later life. Atopic individuals and those with a family history of allergy or asthma in first-degree relatives are especially susceptible to the development of chronic airway dysfunction and should be identified early. It is also noteworthy that parenteral cigarette smoking may serve as an additional marker of the high-risk patient. Respiratory infection affecting older children and adults is more commonly due to rhinovirus and influenza A and may cause a transient hyperreactivity to bronchoconstrictor agonists, but does not cause persistent dysfunction. The mechanism(s) by which antecedent respiratory infection is related to recurrent wheezing and asthma remain speculative, and at present a direct causal relationship cannot be established with certainty. Infectious respiratory disorders are also a cause of exacerbations of asthma in adults but more commonly in children, and these also are primarily viral in origin. Consequently, in the absence of clear evidence of bacterial infection, routine antibiotic use in this setting is unwarranted.
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PMID:The role of infection in asthma: implications for antibiotic therapy. 671 12

For a study of the interactions of strenuous physical exercise (daily swimming to exhaustion) and a viral as compared with a bacterial infection with regard to the clinical course and the biochemical response of the myocardium, influenza and tularemia of similar lethality were used in mice. In both infections, expected infection-induced catabolic alterations in the ventricular myocardium were evident 2 days before median lethality was achieved, with a more pronounced wasting in influenza than in tularemia. Exercise before inoculation (preconditioning) was beneficial in that the catabolic effects of both infections were limited and lethality in influenza was reduced. Thus, the myocardial protein-degrading effect of influenza did not occur with preconditioning, and oxidative tissue enzyme activities decreased less. In tularemia, cytochrome c oxidase activity was fully preserved with preconditioning, and activation of catalase was less pronounced. Exercise during ongoing infection counteracted the infection-induced decrease in the activities of glycolytic and oxidative enzymes in tularemia, but lethality and bacterial counts in the spleen were uninfluenced. Conversely, exhaustive exercise in influenza increased lethality and had no significant effect on cardiac enzymes. These exercise models caused no major alterations in activation of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin D).
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PMID:Modifying effects of exercise on clinical course and biochemical response of the myocardium in influenza and tularemia in mice. 674 2

Acute maxillary sinusitis is a disease of varied etiology. Over half of the cases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae. Anaerobic bacteria account for another 10% of cases and these are usually of dental origin. The rest of the cases are caused by several other bacteria, each of which cause a small proportion. Rhinoviruses, influenza, and parainfluenza viruses also invade the sinuses and probably lead to secondary bacterial infection. Diagnosis of acute sinusitis on clinical grounds is difficult. Sinus transillumination and x-ray are the most valuable routine tests available. Ampicillin, amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and cefaclor have been shown to be effective treatment for most cases of acute sinusitis. Infection persists when there is inadequate or inappropriate treatment. The patient may become relatively asymptomatic in the face of persistent active infection. Follow-up clinical and x-ray examinations are indicated, when possible, to detect treatment failures. Although not a routine diagnostic procedure, sinus puncture and aspiration may be of value in the seriously ill patient or one who has not responded to treatment.
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PMID:Etiology and antimicrobial treatment of acute sinusitis. 679 66

Twenty recombinant influenza virus strains bearing HSw1N1, H1N1 or H3N2 surface antigens, together with their respective wild-type or laboratory-propagated parent viruses, were inoculated into 2 day-old infant rats and their replication in the turbinates and lungs of these animals observed over a period of 5 days. In addition, the ability of each of the recombinant and parent viruses to enhance a subsequent infection of these infant rats by Haemophilus influenzae type b was determined. The results showed that both parent and recombinant viruses replicated less well in the lungs than in the turbinates of infant rats, but the titres in both tissues were generally lower for the recombinant strains. The capacity of the majority of the recombinant influenza viruses to promote bacterial infection of the infant rats, as determined by the incidence of H. influenzae bacteraemia and meningitis, was also markedly less than that of their parent viruses. A correlation between virulence for man and both the replication in infant rat turbinates and the ability to enhance H. influenzae infection, was established for the virus strains studied. The data are discussed in relationship to the value of the infant r-H influenzae system as a laboratory marker for the determination of the virulence of influenza virus strains.
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PMID:The replication of type A influenza viruses in the infant rat: a marker for virus attenuation. 696 91

The pathogenicity of 6 wild-type influenza A viruses and 21 recombinant strains prepared from wild-type viruses and cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 virus for infant rats was determined. Thus, the titers of virus present in the turbinates and lungs of virus-infected animals was measured serially for 5 days after intranasal infection, and the ability of virus strains to promote subsequent systemic bacterial infection by Haemophilus influenzae was measured at 48 h after virus infection. The results obtained were assessed with reference to the genetic constitution of the virus strains and to virus virulence for volunteers. The results showed that virulent viruses grew to relatively high titers in rat turbinates and significantly promoted systemic infection by H. influenzae. In contrast, attenuated strains grew to lower titers and failed to promote systemic H. influenzae infection. For the strains tested, the results showed clear differences for attenuated and virulent strains, and the model was a reliable indication of virulence for humans. Although the virulent strains tended to grow to higher titers in rat lungs than did attenuated strains, exceptions were found, and this measurement could not reliably discriminate virulent and attenuated virus strains. The results suggest that infant rats can be used to assess the virulence of cold-adapted recombinant influenza virus strains, and thus, they can facilitate the development of such strains for vaccine production.
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PMID:Infant rat model of attenuation for recombinant influenza viruses prepared from cold-adapted attenuated A/Ann Arbor/6/60. 698 66


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