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Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bacteriological and virological tests were made at the disease onset and repeatedly in 100 children (66 boys and 34 girls) aged 2 to 15 years suffering from acute glomerulonephritis. The throat mucus was found to contain streptococci and staphylococci; direct immunofluorescence demonstrated antigens of influenza A1, A3, B virus, of parainfluenza virus, serotypes 1 and 3, of adenovirus and respiratory and syncytial virus; HBs-antigens, specific viral and bacterial antibodies were detected in the blood serum. At the onset of acute glomerulonephritis, 52.5% of the patients were diagnosed to have bacterial infection, 12.5% respiratory viral infection, and 27.5% mixed infection (respiratory viral and bacterial). Besides, 25.5% of the patients showed HBs-antigenemia. HBs-antigenemia and mixed (respiratory viral and bacterial) infection were found to produce an adverse effect on the course and outcome of acute glomerulonephritis. Long-term circulation of some viral antibodies (mostly to parainfluenza-3 antigen) was revealed on repeated studies as was their untoward effect on the outcome of acute glomerulonephritis.
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PMID:[Effect of various infections on the development, course and outcome of glomerulonephritis in children]. 175 30

Animal infectivity models have been important in the demonstration of enhanced susceptibility to viral and bacterial infection as a result of low-level toxicant exposure. This study demonstrated an enhanced and prolonged viral infection using an influenza virus infectivity model in the rat following exposure to the toxicant gas phosgene. Fischer-344 rats exposed to either air or a sublethal concentration of phosgene demonstrated peak pulmonary influenza virus titers 1 d after infection. Virus titers in rats exposed to air declined rapidly falling below detectable levels by 4 d after infection. However, a significantly enhanced and prolonged pulmonary influenza virus infection was observed on d 3 and 4 after infection in rats exposed to phosgene. Virus was cleared below detectable limits on d 5 after infection in animals exposed to phosgene. Thus, inhalation of sublethal concentrations of phosgene resulted in an increased severity of pulmonary influenza virus infection. This study provides a demonstration of the effective use of a rat viral infectivity model to detect the immunotoxicity of inhaled pollutants. This model will allow future studies to focus on the immunological mechanism(s) responsible for the enhanced and prolonged pulmonary influenza virus infection.
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PMID:Enhanced and prolonged pulmonary influenza virus infection following phosgene inhalation. 192 May 29

Alpha-interferon has emerged as the most effective agent for the treatment of chronic hepatitis when active replication of virus B, C, or D is present. Exogenous administration of human alpha-interferon, now possible through modern large-scale production methods, is associated with suppression of virus in blood. Amelioration of liver disease occurs in 35% of patients with hepatitis B virus and in 50% with hepatitis C virus with interferon doses of 30 and 10 MU per week, respectively, for 16-26 weeks; after therapy, persistent normalization of serum alanine aminotransferase is observed in 35% and 27%, respectively. Similar results have now also been reported for chronic hepatitis D. Enhanced response rates (greater than 50%) may be obtained by prolonged intermittent interferon therapy. Combination of interferon with another 'antiviral' agent (vidarabine, acyclovir, prednisone) has not increased therapeutic efficacy. Alpha-interferon induces side effects such as fatigue, flu-like syndrome, myalgia, and changes in mood and granulocytes. Patients with decompensated cirrhosis are particularly prone to bacterial infection and disease exacerbation and should receive lower doses. Interferon, when applied skillfully, induces the highly beneficial transition of active viral replication into viral latency, thereby greatly reducing infectivity, symptoms, and activity of the liver disease. Prevention of death from liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma is to be expected.
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PMID:Treatment of chronic viral hepatitis anno 1990. 212 46

A study is presented of 582 patients with acute viral-bacterial pneumonia in those with a history of influenza and acute respiratory disease (ARD). Protracted course of the disease was observed in 121 (20.8%) and 461 (79.2%) the course of pneumonia was acute. It is shown that the formation of protracted of acute pneumonia in patients with influenza and ARD is furthered by several factors: age, foci of chronic infection, a history of inflammation, increased level of circulating immune complexes, late hospitalization and inadequate therapy. Experiments on Syrian hamsters with induced parainfluenzal infection showed that mixed viral-bacterial infection is more severe than monoinfection.
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PMID:[The development of protracted pneumonias in patients with a history of influenza and acute respiratory diseases]. 216 44

We attempted to find out whether there is a correlation between viral infection and secondary bacterial infection on the basis of the analysis of the results of the culture of virus and bacteria in the same specimen from the throat swabs of 95 patients who had an acute upper respiratory inflammation when they visited a doctor in private practice in Sendai city during the epidemic caused by influenza virus. Viral culture was performed by a microplate-method devised originally by Numazaki. The influenza virus was recovered from 56 cases (59%) consisting of 43 cases of type A (Hong-Kong) and 13 cases of type B. From 73 cases, (77%), 79 strains of possibly pathogenic bacteria were recovered, consisting of 43 strains of H. influenzae, 18 strains of S. aureus, seven strains of S. pneumoniae, four strains each of C. freundii and S. liquefaciens and one strain each of beta-haemolytic Streptococcus and B. catarrhalis. The incidence of positive culture of both virus and possibly pathogenic bacteria was high already at the early stage (2-3 days) of the disease. We found no correlation between the type of virus and the species of the microbial isolates. There was no difference in the incidence of positive bacterial culture in relation to age group. We suggest that a secondary bacterial infection occurs already at the early stage of the disease after viral infection because the incidence of positive culture of possibly pathogenic bacteria was high at the above stage.
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PMID:[Studies on respiratory infections in the field of primary care (I). Correlation between viral infection and secondary bacterial infection in patients visiting a doctor in private practice]. 250 96

Models for infecting mice with Influenza A-Virus (A/PR 8/34, H0N1) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (serotype 9) were developed in Han: NMRI-mice. After infecting mice with sublethal doses of one of the infectious agents, or both together as a mixed infection, animals were subsequently exsanguinated and the lungs washed by bronchoalveolar lavage. Clinical symptoms were recorded daily, examination of lung lavage fluid and sera as well as histology of the lungs were done. An increase in mortality, weight reduction and total cell yield of lung lavage fluid was observed after mixed infection. Compared to mixed infections total protein content and elastase in sera and lung lavage fluid after singular ones were raised not as much. In lung lavage fluid the total cell yield was increased more marked. These alterations indicate a synergistic effect of viruses and bacteria, developed by mixed infection as well as a bacterial infection on top of a viral one. Histopathologically the lung alterations were found to depend on the infectious agent and the mode of infection.
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PMID:[The synergism of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and influenza A virus in experimentally-infected mice]. 260 6

A model of virus-bacterial infection involving A (PR-8/34) influenza virus and group B streptococcus is proposed to demonstrate the cyclic manifestations of fatal synergism of the causative agents correlating with either the cyclic detection of influenza virus antigens in the infection focus on administration of avirulent streptococcal Fos4 strain, or with the time-course of activity shown by natural killers on administration of virulent streptococcal Fos8 strain. Based on the presented data on the cyclic character of fatalities, whose dynamics varies only slightly with the biological properties of the second agent, a conclusion has been derived on (1) the simultaneous influence of various factors in the formation of the mechanisms of infection transformation, (2) the capability of the cell receptor apparatus to respond to an external stimulus which is the most important of these mechanisms, and (3) the effects of the biological properties of the causative agents on the fatal effect manifestations.
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PMID:[Fatal synergism of viral-bacterial infections (a model of influenza-streptococcal infections)]. 269 65

The most frequent agents of pneumonia acquired by children in the hospital are viruses. The characteristics of these nosocomial viral agents differ appreciably from the more classical bacterial nosocomial infections. The viral agents tend to be more contagious, with normal children being as susceptible as the predisposed, high-risk child. The epidemiology of these hospital-acquired infections tends to mimic the patterns of activity of the respiratory viruses in the community. The major causes of nosocomial pneumonia in children are, therefore, the epidemic respiratory viruses--respiratory syncytial virus, the influenza viruses, and the parainfluenza viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus is the most important and frequent of these, causing nosocomial infection in up to 45% of the contact children on infant-toddler wards during community outbreaks. About half of the nosocomial infections involve the lower respiratory tract in these young children. Severe and fatal disease is most likely to occur in neonates and children with underlying cardiac, pulmonary, and immunodeficiency disease. The frequency of lower respiratory tract involvement and nosocomial influenza and parainfluenza viral infections is less, but may pose a serious threat in nurseries and to certain groups of compromised children. The potential hazard of these viral agents on pediatric wards is heightened by the fact that they are frequently not recognized, the incentive and facilities for their diagnosis are often limited, and clinically they may mimic bacterial disease. The source of the nosocomial infections, which may be trivial illnesses in personnel or other patients, may not be suspected, and limiting the spread is difficult.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hospital-acquired pneumonia in children: the role of respiratory viruses. 282 78

Study of the capacity of group B streptococci for causing the development of infection in mice has revealed the virulence of the cultures for mice to be determined by the serovar of the streptococcus, the infective dose, and the amount of type-specific polysaccharide. Under the conditions of mixed viral-bacterial infection, influenza A virus was shown to influence the development of bacterial infection in the animals in two ways: to increase the virulence of an avirulent strain and to decrease the pathogenicity of a virulent one in streptococcal monoinfections. Simultaneously with viral infection, the stimulation of the multiplication of an avirulent strain in the lungs of mice was observed, while in the control groups of the animals the elimination of bacteria from the lungs was registered. No additional accumulation of the infective virus in the lungs of mice in the presence of streptococci was found.
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PMID:[Effect of the influenza A virus on the sensitivity of mice to infection caused by Streptococcus group B]. 331 26

In a group of 74 hospitalized patients with the diagnosis of acute infectious pneumonia, the etiological contribution of viral and bacterial agents is analyzed in cases of clarified etiology and an assessment is made of the relationship between the explained etiology and the overall epidemiological situation. Etiology was clarified in 36 patients (48.6%). Viral and bacterial etiology was confirmed in 13.3% and 39.8% of the entire group respectively. In three cases, mixed viral and bacterial infection was reported. Most prominent among the viral agents were herpes simplex, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial and influenza type B viruses. As far as the bacterial agents were concerned, the species most frequently isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and a variety of Enterobacteriaceae. The relationship between the overall epidemiological situation and pneumonia etiology is discussed as well as the relevance of the diagnostic methods employed.
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PMID:On the epidemiology and etiology of pneumonia in adults. 339 28


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