Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Over two-thirds of all HIV-infected individuals have an associated pulmonary disease. The following causes are frequently observed: bacterial infection (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and mycobacteria), protozoal infection (Pneumocystis carinii), fungal infection (Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum), viral infection (cytomegalovirus), tumors (Kaposi's sarcoma) and pneumonitis. For diagnosis and patients' immune status, imaging techniques, and microbiological, cytological and histological examination of respiratory secretions and biopsy material are important. Infection with Pneumocystis carinii remains common as a cause of respiratory disease in HIV-infected patients, mainly those without prophylaxis. The clinical presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis varies with the state of immunity. Kaposi's sarcoma is the commonest HIV-associated malignancy, and may affect the lungs in addition to the skin.
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PMID:[HIV-associated lung diseases]. 944 91

Infection of the root canal system following dental trauma induces pulp and periapical disease and prevents healing of previously healthy pulp. A clinical goal in treating trauma is the maintenance of pulp vitality, and clinicians should be aware of factors that influence pulp healing. The learning objective of this article is to review the factors and techniques that influence pulp vitality and examine the influence pulp has on the healing of adjacent tissues. The potential routes for bacterial infection of the root canal system are discussed, with the clinical crown as the primary portal of entry. Uncomplicated and complicated crown fractures, as well as the crown-root and root fractures, are reviewed. Complications in pulp healing include canal obliteration, disturbed root development, apexogenesis, apexification, and the various forms of resorption.
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PMID:Effects of dental trauma on the pulp. 955 69

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the aetiological agent of melioidosis, a life-threatening bacterial disease occurring in many species of animals, including man. Infection in humans commonly manifests as one of three clinical presentations: acute, subacute or chronic disease. Investigations were undertaken to assess the suitability of BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice as animal models for the different forms of human melioidosis. The course of infection in BALB/c mice was similar to that which occurs in acute human infection. By contrast, infection of C57Bl/6 mice appeared to mimic chronic human melioidosis. While BALB/c mice suffered a rapidly-progressive bacteraemia which resulted in host death by 96 h, C57Bl/6 mice were able to prevent this, and typically remained asymptomatic for up to 6 weeks. LD50 values of 4 cells and 2.5 x 10(4) cells for BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice, respectively, reflect these observations. The heightened level of resistance to B. pseudomallei observed in C57Bl/6 mice was suggested to have a genetic basis, when the susceptibilities of first filial and reciprocal backcross generations were examined. Growth kinetics of B. pseudomallei within BALB/c and C57Bl/6 peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) cultures were examined to investigate PEC microbicidal efficiency as a determinant of host susceptibility. C57Bl/6 PEC cultures exhibited greater microbicidal efficiency towards B. pseudomallei when compared to BALB/c cells, indicating that susceptibility may be determined by non-specific, cellular mechanisms. Collectively, these results suggest that the BALB/c and C57Bl/6 strains of mice may provide excellent models for acute and chronic human melioidosis, respectively.
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PMID:BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice infected with virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei provide contrasting animal models for the acute and chronic forms of human melioidosis. 960 Aug 59

Diagnosis of perinatal infection in the newborn is difficult; there may be few clinical signs and current tests are slow or non-specific. Detection of organisms, antigen or specific antibody to common pathogens often requires repeat samples and does not give immediate results. Haematological parameters, although relied upon frequently to diagnose infection in the neonate prior to a positive bacterial isolation, are unreliable and insensitive. Indicators such as an increase in neutrophil band cell counts are highly variable between morphologists. Infection induces the expression of a number of T lymphocyte surface markers, including CD45RA/CD45RO and CD45RO. The use of changed expression of surface markers as a laboratory test for detection of infection in neonates was evaluated. We used multiparameter flow cytometry to detect expression of early (CD45RA/CD45RO) and late (CD45RO) activation markers. In the respective groups of 50 full term (including 25 normal vaginal deliveries and 25 caesarean deliveries) and 30 premature, i.e. < 36 weeks gestation (born by either normal vaginal delivery or caesarean delivery) the CD45RA isoform was brightly expressed on newborn 'naive' CD4+ T cells, whereas the CD45RO isoform (including both 'bright' and 'dim' populations) was present on < 19% of CD4+ T cells from these newborn infants. In a group of 37 infants, tested to evaluate possible effects of non-infective parameters such as respiratory distress and iso-immunization, no significant changes in surface marker expression were found and specificity of the test was confirmed. In 14 neonates with documented sepsis, up-regulation of dual staining CD45RA/CD45RO isoforms on CD4+ T cells was detected early in the infection. In addition, we found that CD45RO expression persisted for several weeks after bacterial infection, and up to several months in viral infection. In conclusion, detection of T cell activation by flow cytometry for the early diagnosis of neonatal infection is an easy test to carry out on small volumes of blood, is inexpensive, and may be a specific indicator of infection.
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PMID:Surface activation markers of T lymphocytes: role in the detection of infection in neonates. 969 80

Autoimmune diseases (AID) are prone to infection particularly under immunosuppression. The differentiation of infection from active AID is often difficult. In order to specify the diagnostic value of measurement of procalcitonin (PCT) in AID 81 patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-positive vasculitis were analyzed, 27 with rheumatoid arthritis and 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus at various stages of the disease. Although PCT levels (95th percentile) were below 0.5 ng/ml in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, the cutoff for normal values (95th percentile) in patients with active ANCA-positive vasculitis was 0.89. Therefore PCT levels of < 1 ng/ml are recommended as cutoff for invasive infections in patients with ANCA-positive vasculitis. In view of the increased mortality under immunosuppression in patients with AID and additional bacterial infection the measurement of PCT is helpful when an infectious origin is suspected.
Infection
PMID:CRP levels in autoimmune disease can be specified by measurement of procalcitonin. 979 83

A large number of clinical studies has described procalcitonin (ProCT) as a marker of bacterial infection and a good predictor of disease severity and antibiotherapy efficacy. Nevertheless, the mechanism of ProCT synthesis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to demonstrate potential ProCT production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells as is the case for cytokines involved in sepsis. In a whole blood model, LPS (10 micrograms/ml) stimulation on blood samples from healthy volunteers (n = 14) was tested. Early (TNF-alpha and IL1-beta) and late (IL-6 and IL-8) cytokines were produced in large amounts in contrast to the absence of ProCT. Additional experiments with nitric oxide or detection of intra-cellular ProCT (cell lysis, flow cytometry) had negative results. It was concluded that ProCT is not produced in this model. Data are still needed to investigate the cellular origin of ProCT in order to better define its clinical usefulness.
Infection
PMID:Procalcitonin is not produced by circulating blood cells. 1002 4

Infection by group B streptococcus (GBS) is an important cause of bacterial disease in neonates, pregnant women, and nonpregnant adults. Whereas serotypes Ia, Ib, II, III, and V are most commonly associated with colonization and disease in the United States, strains of other serotypes have been isolated from patients in Japan. By use of an inhibition ELISA, the serotypes of 73 vaginal colonizing GBS strains isolated from healthy pregnant Japanese women were investigated. Twenty-six (35.6%) were type VIII, 18 (24.7%) were type VI, and the remaining 29 were distributed among more traditional serotypes. Strains were also tested by immunoblot for the presence of GBS surface proteins. Fifty-three (72.6%) of the 73 strains expressed one or more laddering GBS proteins. These data show that type VI and VIII GBS strains are common vaginal isolates in pregnant Japanese women and that one or more laddering proteins are present in most GBS strains.
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PMID:Serotypes VI and VIII predominate among group B streptococci isolated from pregnant Japanese women. 1006 4

Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing high-dose therapy and subsequent autologous or allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation, despite the change from topical to systemic anti-infection prophylaxis and the introduction of growth factors and new antimicrobial drugs. We report our single centre experience with data from 409 patients treated at our unit from its opening in 1990 until May 1997. Three hundred and seventy-eight patients were transplanted for the first time, 12 patients were retransplanted or boosted and 19 patients were readmitted for miscellaneous reasons. 245 patients were allografted and 157 autografted. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was mainly quinolones, fluconazole plus amphotericin-B orally, aciclovir, and TMP/SMX or pentamidine. Three hundred and nineteen (78%) developed fever of significantly longer duration in the allogeneic setting with anti-CMV seropositivity. The most frequent infection was fever of unknown origin (50.6%), followed by septicaemia (12.5%) and pneumonia (11.0%). Pathogens isolated in 24.6% of the infections were mostly gram-positive bacteria (57.9%), followed by non-fermenting rods (11.2%), Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. (10.3%, each). Cumulative response rate to antimicrobial therapy was 66.9%. Infections were responsible for 62.5% (25/40) of deaths after transplantation. Predominant pathogens were Aspergillus spp. (11), Candida spp. (four), and Pseudomonas spp. (three). None of the patients died from gram-positive bacterial infection. The risk of dying from infection was 11.2% after allografting and 0.8% after autotransplantation. Infections remain a major risk for early death after allogeneic transplantation of haemopoietic stem cells. Infection with gram-negative bacteria can be prevented by quinolone prophylaxis. Predominant pathogens are Aspergillus spp. Candida spp. and nonfermenting rods. Systemic infection with these pathogens is associated with a poor prognosis. Antimycotic prophylaxis and the therapy must be improved.
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PMID:Early infections in patients undergoing bone marrow or blood stem cell transplantation--a 7 year single centre investigation of 409 cases. 1021 90

Infection of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a devastating event. In an effort to more fully understand ICD infection, the authors reviewed patients records recommending a strategy for management based on their satisfactory experience. From March 1993 through May 1998, 85 ICD were implanted in 64 male and 21 female patients. Transmediastinal approach was performed in 8 (9.5%) cases and transvenous in 77 (91.5%). All device-related infections were examined. Seven (8.25%) device-related infections occurred with a mean time interval of 3 months. In all cases bacterial infection was demonstrated. All infections involved the generator with or without other components involvement. First approach was conservative in all cases but it wasn't successful. Then the authors always used a surgical therapy, in 3 cases removing electrodes by traction and in 4 resorting to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Two deaths were registered. Explantation of ICD resolved in all cases infective complications with no early or additional reinfections. In the last cases with devices implanted by transvenous approach and subpectoral generator implant, no infective complications were observed. In authors experience a complete removal of the ICD generator as well as of all its components is to be preferred as soon as the infections develops.
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PMID:[The complications of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and their treatment]. 1038 Mar 66

To assess the usefulness of markers of inflammation in distinguishing bacterial infection from severe systemic nonbacterial inflammation, concentrations of procalcitonin, neopterin, endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-6 were measured in 28 neutropenic patients at the onset of fever and twice thereafter at 4 h intervals. Infection was found in 11 patients, and 17 patients had fever of undetermined origin. The procalcitonin concentration increased rapidly in patients with infection: the response was detectable within 8 h of the onset of fever. Procalcitonin is a specific but not a sensitive marker of infection in patients with neutropenic fever. Its poor sensitivity was related to an absent or delayed response in patients with gram-positive infections. Considerable overlap between infected and noninfected patients was found in levels of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-6.
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PMID:Procalcitonin concentrations in patients with neutropenic fever. 1038 17


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