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Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since bacterial infection in newborns must be treated as specifically and as early as possible, it is important to confirm a diagnosis of suspected infection based on clinical symptoms and to take possible pathogens into consideration when choosing therapy. RDS and septicemia with Group B streptococci can present very similar clinical symptoms, but leucopenia on the first day of life is most probably an indication of septicemia with Group B streptococci. Septicemia caused by other pathogens, however, usually has a much later onset. In the days following birth a raised cardiothoracic index indicates RDS. Other differential criteria are being investigated.
Infection 1980
PMID:[Clinical differentiation between idiopathic respiratory distress, neonatal septicemia caused by group B streptococci and septicemia caused by other pathogens (author's transl)]. 677 86

Acute maxillary sinusitis is a disease of varied etiology. Over half of the cases are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Hemophilus influenzae. Anaerobic bacteria account for another 10% of cases and these are usually of dental origin. The rest of the cases are caused by several other bacteria, each of which cause a small proportion. Rhinoviruses, influenza, and parainfluenza viruses also invade the sinuses and probably lead to secondary bacterial infection. Diagnosis of acute sinusitis on clinical grounds is difficult. Sinus transillumination and x-ray are the most valuable routine tests available. Ampicillin, amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and cefaclor have been shown to be effective treatment for most cases of acute sinusitis. Infection persists when there is inadequate or inappropriate treatment. The patient may become relatively asymptomatic in the face of persistent active infection. Follow-up clinical and x-ray examinations are indicated, when possible, to detect treatment failures. Although not a routine diagnostic procedure, sinus puncture and aspiration may be of value in the seriously ill patient or one who has not responded to treatment.
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PMID:Etiology and antimicrobial treatment of acute sinusitis. 679 66

The reaction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) granulocytes in the nitroblue-tetrazolium test (NBT test) was evaluated. In a previous study, methodological problems were resolved, and the method developed by Park et al, was modified to suit the special conditions of the CSF. Thirty-eight CSF specimens from 26 patients were analysed. It appears that NBT test results with CSF granulocytes are significantly positive--according to the criteria developed by Park for blood granulocytes--when bacterial meningitis is present. If the cause of the pleocytosis is not bacterial in nature, then the test results are negative in most cases, provided that the CSF sample contains little or no blood. The NBT test in bloody CSF may produce positive results no matter what the cause of the pleocytosis. Our results suggest that the NBT test is a general, non-specific indicator of granulocyte stimulation. It reflects the ability of granulocytes to react to a stress situation of the organism. Bacterial infection results in a conspicuously large number of stimulated (i.e. NBT positive) granulocytes.
Infection 1980
PMID:The Significance of the nitroblue-tetrazolium test in cerebrospinal fluid granulocytes in bacterial and abacterial meningitis. 702 31

During an 11-year period, 1,069 patients received renal allografts at the University of Minnesota Hospital, Minneapolis, and infections developed in seven (0.65%) due to mycobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M kansasii). The primary infection was in joint or subcutaneous tissue in six patients and pulmonary (miliary) in one. Infections in joint or skin shared common features regardless of the species of Mycobacterium and usually mimicked acute pyogenic bacterial infection; all responded to antimycobacterial drugs. The clinical manifestations in our patient in miliary tuberculosis were compared with those of 19 other patients described in the literature. Although their systemic manifestations were more severe, the symptoms were often ill-defined and the diagnosis overlooked. Five of these 20 patients (25%) died of uncontrolled infection.
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PMID:Mycobacterial infections in renal transplant recipients. Seven cases and a review of the literature. 704 31

49 patients were given cefoxitin in combination with azlocillin, and 15 were given an aminoglycoside as well when severe bacterial infection was suspected. In 39 cases a prompt amelioration of the clinical signs of infection was observed. Of the 17 patients who died, a post-mortem was performed in seven; only in four were signs of bacterial infection present; one had tuberculosis and one had a cytomegalovirus infection. The combination therapy was well tolerated and side-effects were rare; no bleeding complications were seen. Clinical signs of possible antagonism between the two beta-lactam antibiotics were not observed.
Infection 1982
PMID:[Clinical experience with non-specific broad-spectrum antibacterial chemotherapy (author's transl)]. 709 64

29 episodes of suspected septicaemia in patients with acute leukemia were treated empirically with tobramycin 180--240 mg/day intravenously together with cephalothin 12 g/day. Patients without documented infection who did not respond to antibiotics and whose fever developed after a course of cytotoxic drugs, were given the provision of high dose corticosteroid therapy. Infection was documented microbiologically or clinically in 13/29 episodes. Septicaemia was proven in 7, and 6 had pneumonia. Neutropenia was present in 18/29 episodes. A satisfactory response to initial therapy was achieved in 7/13 with documented infection and in 9/16 without proven infection. The overall good response was 55%, 5/7 cases with septicaemia, but only 2/6 with pneumonia responded well. The 2 septicaemia patients who did not respond had Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis. In 16 episodes without documented infection 7 did not respond to initial therapy. To 4 of them, who were subject to recent cytotoxic drug administration, high dose corticosteroid therapy was given, and 3 of them responded well. Of the remaining 3 non-responders, one became afebrile after cytostatic and one after prednisolone treatment. Serum assays of tobramycin were done on the 1st and 5th day of therapy and no difference in concentration was observed on these 2 occasions. Five patients developed renal failure, but this was attributed to antibiotic therapy only in 1, who initially had an elevated serum creatinine. It is concluded, that in hospitals where pseudomonas is not a dominating pathogen, tobramycin--cephalothin may be a good combination to start empiric therapy with. In patients without proven infection, who have recently been subjected to cytotoxic therapy, and who do not respond to the initial course of antibiotics, a high dose of corticosteroids may be tried, provided the patient is monitored for the hazard of bacterial infection.
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PMID:Empiric treatment of fever in acute leukaemia with tobramycin-cephalothin, and the escape clause provision of corticosteroids. 737 25

Infections by gram-negative bacteria are one of the major causes of death in newborns. Bacterial clearance is deficient in septic neonates, which seems to increase their susceptibility to infections. In this study, we observed a significant improvement in clearance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in newborn wistar rats inoculated by intraperitoneal via with 800 mg k soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC), compared to the control group injected with PBS (p 0.05). The overall survival rate was improved (p 0.05) and the white blood cell counts showed a greater leukocytosis and neutrophilia during the peak of bacteremia in the PC treated animals. Circulating levels of interleukin-6 were greater in the PC group, which developed an intense splenic hematopoiesis of the granulocyte (p 0.05) and megakariocyte series (p 0.01). No significant changes were observed in bone marrow granulocyte deposits in both study groups. The improvement in survival rate, the changes in leukocyte counts and the splenic hematopoiesis may be associated with the increased production of IL-6. These results suggest that IL-6 plays a role in the protection mechanism induced by PC in this experimental model of newborn septicemia. PC seems to be an immunomodulator of the acute response to gram-negative bacterial infection.
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PMID:[Phosphatidylcholine induces an increase in the production of interleukin-6 and improves survival of rats with neonatal sepsis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae]. 749 35

Considerable progress has been made in survival rates of heart transplant recipients; however, infections continue to be a major cause of death after transplantation. Although infection itself appears to cause immunologic suppression in some nontransplantation studies, the lack of an infection-transplant animal model has limited further investigation of this observation. We evaluated the utility of a heterotopic rat infection heart-transplant model by studying the effect of infection and limited administration of two immunosuppressive agents, cyclosporine and FK506, on allograft rejection and survival. Lewis rats received ACI heart allografts, and intraperitoneal infection was induced by cecal ligation. Infection was confirmed by blood and ascitic fluid cultures. Results showed that graft survival was slightly, but significantly, higher (p < 0.05) in group II (transplantation with infection) when compared to the control group I (transplantation only). Histologic rejection scores were less (p < 0.05) in group II 6 days after transplantation. The second phase of the study compared the effect of infection after transplantation in rats given a 1-week course of cyclosporine or FK506, which were discontinued after the induction of infection. Although the cyclosporine group had prolonged survival when compared to the FK506 group (p < 0.05), the respective infection groups receiving immunosuppression revealed no significant difference in allograft survival or histologic rejection scores when compared to the control groups. In this preliminary study, infection without immunosuppression resulted in a slight, but statistically significant, increase in allograft survival and reduced acute cellular rejection. In those groups receiving immunosuppressive agents, no additive immunosuppressive effect was attributable to bacterial infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A new rat infection-heart transplant model: effect of infection on graft survival studies. 769 Feb 53

Diagnosis and treatment of infection is a common procedure in the clinical management of patients in the ICU. Infection in the ICU is an important area for study, but requires well-defined and proven diagnostic criteria. The diagnosis of infection, like any diagnosis, is based on probability, and diagnostic criteria are therefore selected according to the physician's objectives and the acceptable margin of error. It is easier to diagnose correctly a full-blown, severe bacterial infection than one that is just beginning, and the same criteria cannot be used to identify accurately both conditions. We should diagnose an infectious complication at the time it needs treatment, but there is often a lack of clear objectives in the diagnostic process, and up to now, few reliable criteria have been available. Before considering the sensitivity and specificity of single diagnostic procedures it is important to trace the evolution of the infection. The problem may be approached in two steps, by describing or defining (i) the minimum level of severity of a probable infection which requires/justifies specific treatment as the first end-point of the diagnosis, and (ii) the ways the diagnosis may be confirmed using the best available procedure (which might not be always available or applicable in all cases in the short term).
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PMID:Diagnosis of bacterial infection in the ICU: general principles. 769 50

A peculiarity of infection, as a complication of multiple myeloma in hematopoietic malignancies, is discussed. The Hanshin Study Group of Hematopoietic Disorders and Infection treated 3346 cases of bacterial infection during the past 13 years. Myeloma patients showed a low rate of 3.0% as compared with 28.2% of acute myelogenous leukemia patients. In patients with long term administration of antibiotics or bone marrow suppression, it is necessary to watch for fungus infection. Recently, new combination chemotherapy (DMVM-IFN alpha) is widely used in Japan. A high complete remission rate has been achieved by this regimen, but the incidence of infection tends to increase. Measures for infection in multiple myeloma should therefore be similar to that acute leukemia.
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PMID:[Measures for infection in multiple myeloma]. 769 8


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