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Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Organ transplantation and the modern treatment of leukemia have created a new situation favouring bacterial infection under immunosuppressive drugs. Exceptionally, due to pathogenic bacteria, these infections are usually due to various germs normally considered as inoffensive saprophytes, which may thus reveal immune deficiency in the patient. This immune failure, which is very pronounced in treated leukemic patients and following transplantation, is on the contrary often localised at a precise level during common infections. Knowledge of these levels is thus essential for the clinician who, in all infected patients, should assess the state of the skin, mucosal and tissue and humoral defences whether specific or non-specific in the light of modern immunological data. Infection in the immunodepressed subject requires urget treatment. Antibiotics are not the only form of treatment, one should supervise, maintain and restore adequate immune levels. Furthermore, antibiotics alone, although they reduce the frequency, do not finally improve the mortality rate from gram-negative septicemia acquired in hospital.
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PMID:[Bacterial infections and immunosuppression]. 18 4

The growth of parent influenza viruses A/England/939/69 and A/PR/8/34, and clones 6, 7, and 64C, derived by recombination, was studied in newborn rats. Using an inoculum of 10(4.0) EID50, influenza virus A/England/939/69 produced the highest titres of virus in rat turbinates at 48 hours after inoculation; clones 6 and 7 and A/PR/8/34 grew to lower titres; and clone 64C grew to the lowest titre. These differences were less apparent when 10(2.0) EID50 of virus was used as an inoculum, and rats were not infected by smaller inoculum of any of the virus strains. Infection with 10(4.0) EID50 of all viruses produced lung infection; at 48 hours after infection, the highest titres were recovered from rats infected with A/PR/8/34 and A/England/939/69 virus. Prior infection with A/England/939/69 or A/PR/8/34 increased the incidence of bacteraemia and meningitis following intranasal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae type b; infection with clone 64C did not enhance bacterial meningitis, while infection with clone 6 gave an intermediate result. Volunteer studies with these viruses have shown that influenza virus A/England/939/69 was virulent, clones 6 and 7 were attenuated, clone 64C was over-attenuated, and A/PR/8/34 virus was noninfective for man. The relative titres of virus recovered from turbinates taken 48 hours after infection with 10(4.0) EID50 of virus and the ability of virus infection to enhance bacterial infection correlated with the property of virus attenuation for man for four of the five strains tested; however, no correlation was seen for A/PR/8/34 virus, which is a result also found in other laboratory tests designed to measure virulence for man.
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PMID:Influenza virus infection in newborn rats: a possible marker of attenuation for man. 30 96

Infections are an almost inevitable complication of human bone marrow transplantation and account for the majority of deaths in transplant recipients. Even prior to the initiation of the transplantation procedure, patients may present with infections complicating previously unsuccessful chemotherapy for hematological malignancy or aplastic anemia. Nevertheless, these pre-transplantation infections should not exclude the possibility of bone marrow transplantation if they can be successfully controlled with specific antimicrobial therapy and necessary adjunctive measures. The immediate post-transplantation period prior to engraftment is characterized by severe marrow aplasia that results from high-dose chemotherapy and total-body irradiation. Infections are primarily septicemias and localized processes caused by bacteria and fungi and their incidence increases as the intensity of immunosuppression is escalated. The high mortality associated with bacterial septicemia makes early, empirical antibacterial therapy mandatory. However, the reduction in mortality from bacterial infection resulting from such an aggressive approach may be offset by a higher mortality from invasive fungal infection, especially in patients with prior fungal colonization and undergoing prolonged conditioning therapy. Thus, until more specific and sensitive tests for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infection become available, empirical intravenous amphotericin should be considered in patients who are persistently febrile and deteriorate clinically in the face of appropriate antibacterial therapy. Interstitial pneumonia associated with severe GVHD is the major infectious complication after successful marrow engraftment and is the most significant barrier to long-term survival. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is effective prophylaxis against interstitial pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii, but one half of the patients still develop a pneumonitis either associated with CMV or of unknown etiology. Mortality from interstitial pneumonia is related to prior radiation therapy while survival is associated with a four-fold rise in CMV CF antibody titer. The latter observation supports the need to investigate passive immunization with CMV antibody as a means of preventing some interstitial pneumonias. Despite the progress made in many areas of human bone marrow transplantation, the majority of graft recipients still die of infectious complications. Thus, new approaches to the management of infections in transplant recipients are urgently needed. Better-tolerated oral nonabsorbable antibiotics, laminar-air-flow rooms, granulocyte transfusions, and chemotherapy and immunotherapy for CMV are among the prophylactic and therapeutic measures that must be critically evaluated in well-controlled, prospective studies. Continued assessment of the infectious complications of bone marrow transplantation is a critical aspect of any ongoing transplant program, not just a research goal...
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PMID:Infectious complications of human bone marrow transplantation. 36 7

The causes of neonatal mortality in foals were studied over a period of two years. The total number of foals studied was 121. Bacterial infection was found to be an important factor. Infection caused by A. equuli (1.6%) which previously was the most important one, has been superseded by E. coli infection (56%). E. coli infections particularly occur during the first weeks of life and, depending on the course of the disease, give rise to various pathological changes. Infections running an acute course are mainly marked by pathological changes of the lung and lymphoid organs. Infections running a subacute course are frequently associated with polyarthritis and polyserositis. Another important cause of infection during the first weeks of life is Klebsiella pneumonia (10%). The pathological changes occurring in this infection are markedly similar to those in subacute E. coli infection. Infections with Salmonella spp. (7%) mainly occur in the older foals (1-3 months) affected with polyarthritis. C. equi and streptococcal infections (11%) also mainly occur in the older foals (1-3 months). The pathological features are characterized by generalized purulent lesions in various organs. In spite of the fact that post-mortem findings suggested septicaemia, bacteriological examination was negative in 12% of the foals. The discussion is concerned with an assessment of the relationship between the pathomorphological findings and the pathogenesis of the various infections.
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PMID:[Studies on the bacterial causes of neonatal mortality in foals. Report on post-mortem findings (author's transl)]. 36 36

133 patients in an intensive care unit, who prior to admission had not shown any signs of bacterial infection and had not received antibiotic treatment, were assigned to two groups at random. One group received antibiotic prophylaxis with penicillins or cephalosporins (+Pat.), the other group did not receive antibiotics (-Pat.). Staph. aureus was the most frequent facultative pathogen in tracheal secretions and in the environment of "-Pat.". This organism was significantly more frequent in "-Pat." than in "+Pat." in both the tracheal secretions and the environment. Klebsiella spp. outnumbered all other species in "+Pat.". They were significantly more frequent in tracheal secretions of "+Pat." than of "-Pat.". In the first week of hospitalisation marked changes were seen in bacterial flora of tracheal secretions of "+Pat.". Colonization with grammnegative bacteria rose to nearly 100%, the frequency of Staph. aureus diminishing at the same time. Monitoring by contact cultures revealed that gramnegative rods were significantly more numerous in the environment of "+Pat." than of "-Pat.". Matching bacterial strains cultured from tracheal secretions and from the environment of the patients proved that "+Pat. spread significantly higher numbers of their gramnegative bacteria into the environment. The same is true of "-Pat." for Staph. aureus. Intubation had no noticeable effect on the degree of contamination of the surroundings with Staph. aureus. Gramnegative rods were significantly more frequent in tracheal secretions of patients with intubation than in patients without. The same trend was observed for environmental contamination. As the clinical results of this study have shown, antibiotic prophylaxis does not protect patients from infections to the extent expected. Patients, and particularly intubated patients, receiving antibiotic treatment have to be considered as sources of highly resistant gramnegative organisms.
Infection 1976
PMID:[The patient as a source of bacteria in intensive care units: influence of antibiotics and tracheal intubation (author's transl)]. 101 79

The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test was performed in 26 children suffering from purulent meningitis using the technique of Gifford and Malawista modified by Kim et al. 53.,% of the children showed a relative and absolute elevation in the nelative NBT-value only, 15.4% had an absolute elevation of the formazan cell count only, and 19.2% showed values within the normal range. While the elevation of the relative NBT-value is important for diagnosis, results showing normal absolute and relative NBT-values or elevate absolute NBT-values only should not be used for establishing the diagnosis of bacterial infection. In such cases the negative result may demonstrate a neutrophil dysfunction state during severe systemic illness.
Infection 1976
PMID:[The nitroblue tetrazolium test in the diagnosis of purulent meningitis (author's transl)]. 101 81

The relationship between bacterial infection of the renal parenchyma with Escherichia coli and the establishment of pathologic lesions has been investigate experimentally. Infection was established in one kidney and the bacteriologic, pathologic and immunologic features of infection were compared in the pyelonephritic and contralateral unmanipulated kidney. Whereas active bacterial infection was associated with pathologic changes in the pyelonephritic kidney, a poor correlation was found between bacterial growth and the gross pathology and histopathologic changes in the contralateral kidney. The conclusion from these studies is that infection of the kidney is not always associated with pathologic changes. The term "acquiescent infection" has been used to describe this host-parasite relationship in which active, persistent, bacterial infection is not associated with pathologic lesions. Evidence is presented that bacteria in the contralateral unmanipulated kidney are present in the renal parenchyma and that bacterial proliferation can be induced following renal trauma. Activation of infection and bacterial proliferation did not always result in histopathologic damage to the kidney and was not associated with an increase in serum antibody.
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PMID:Acquiescent renal infection. 109 96

Preterm infants with chronic lung disease (CLD) have frequent respiratory relapses. The aim of this study was to assess the aetiology of such deteriorations and in particular the proportion due to viral infections. During the study period 118 preterm infants with birth weight less than 1500 g were consecutively admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit; 22 (18.6%) developed CLD. At the onset of all respiratory deteriorations, infants were examined for the presence of patent ductus arteriosus, apnoea or aspiration; they were also carefully screened for both viral and bacterial infection. The 22 infants had a total of 74 episodes of respiratory deterioration; median 3 per baby (range 1-8). Two episodes were associated with patent ductus arteriosus, 18 with apnoea and 5 with aspiration. Infection was suspected or proven in association with all other episodes. On ten occasions the infants had positive blood cultures and on a further eight, bacteria were isolated only from the endotracheal or nasopharyngeal secretions. On the remaining 31 occasions, 27 associated with chest X-ray film abnormalities, infection was suspected, but no bacteria isolated. Viral infections were identified in association with 8 (11%) of these episodes. We conclude viral infection should be considered as a cause of otherwise unexplained respiratory deteriorations in infants with neonatal CLD.
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PMID:Acute deteriorations in neonatal chronic lung disease. 139 34

Infections that involve the attention of the surgeon include those that require operations for cure as well as those that complicate emergency and elective surgical procedures. Mechanical correction is of paramount importance in the eradication of such infections with antibiotics serving an adjuvant role, primarily to clear lymphatics and prevent bacteremia and seeding of distant sites. Review of the current hospital antibiotic susceptibility profile is important to determine likely sensitivity to expected pathogens. Infection of the urinary tract remains the most common nosocomial infection, but in surgical patients the severe infections are pneumonia, fasciitis, and peritonitis. Often caused by the gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, empiric broad spectrum antibiotic therapy is initiated after cultures are obtained. Bacterial infection of the respiratory tract is often difficult to diagnose in severely ill patients because the underlying fever, leukocytosis, and chest X-ray changes are often nonspecific. Reliance on sputum gram stain and culture is important to guide antibiotic therapy. Empiric treatment of peritonitis requires knowledge of the normal enteric flora and the likely pathogenic organisms. The most lethal agent against obligate anaerobic organisms is atmospheric oxygen, yet antibiotic coverage against these organisms appears wise, particularly when debridement or resection will be delayed or not performed. Staphylococcus aureus is still the most commonly cultured organism from our Surgical Intensive Care Unit and Burn Unit and S. aureus is often responsible for central line and burn wound infection. For patients in septic shock, we favor administration of a broad-spectrum penicillin or cephalosporin combined with an aminoglycoside, with subsequent narrowing of the antibiotic spectrum based on culture results. Antibiotic efficacy, toxicity, efficiency, and cost all must be weighed in the decision-making process.
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PMID:Current perspectives on antibiotic use in the treatment of surgical infections. 144 60

Myxoma virus (MYX) is a leporipoxvirus of rabbits that induces a lethal syndrome characterized by disseminated tumorlike lesions, generalized immunosuppression, and secondary gram-negative bacterial infection. A MYX deletion mutant (vMYX-GF- delta M11L) was constructed to remove the entire myxoma growth factor (MGF) coding sequence and that for the C-terminal five amino acids of the partially overlapping upstream gene, M11L. Unexpectedly, this deletion completely abrogates the capacity of MYX to cause the characteristic disease symptoms of myxomatosis. Upon inoculation of rabbits with vMYX-GF- delta M11L, recipient animals developed only a benign, localized nodule reminiscent of a Shope fibroma virus-induced tumor in which a single primary lesion appeared at the site of injection and then completely regressed within 14 days, leaving the animals resistant to challenge with wild-type MYX. No evidence of the purulent conjunctivitis and rhinitis that always accompany wild-type MYX infection was observed. To ascertain whether the attenuation observed in vMYX-GF- delta M11L was due to a combined effect of the MGF deletion and alteration of the upstream M11L gene, two additional MYX recombinants were constructed: an MGF- virus (vMYX-GF-) containing an intact M11L gene and an M11L- virus (vMYX-M11L-) containing an intact MGF gene. Infection with vMYX-GF- resulted in moderated symptoms of myxomatosis, but all clinical stages of the disease were still detectable. In contrast, disruption of M11L alone dramatically reduced the virus virulence, resulting in a nonlethal syndrome whose clinical course was nevertheless distinct from that of vMYX-GF- delta M11L. Upon inoculation with vMYX-M11L-, rabbits developed primary and secondary tumors which were larger and more circumscribed than those of wild-type MYX recipients. Whereas wild-type MYX infection always includes severe, purulent conjunctivitis and rhinitis, vMYX-M11L- recipients remained healthy and displayed only minimal signs of respiratory distress. By about 30 days after infection, the tumors induced by vMYX-M11L- had completely regressed and these animals were immune to challenge with wild-type MYX. Histological analysis indicated that tumors induced by vMYX-M11L- are much more heavily infiltrated with macrophages and heterophils and that the sites of viral replication are more edematous and necrotic than those of wild-type infection, suggesting that the host was able to mount a more vigorous inflammatory response to vMYX-M11L- infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Deletion analysis of two tandemly arranged virulence genes in myxoma virus, M11L and myxoma growth factor. 162 52


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