Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004623 (bacterial infection)
 15,226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report on malakoplakia of the colon observed in a six month old girl in a setting of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and a malformational syndrome termed CHARGE association. By the age of six months, hemorrhagic diarrhea had developed, and multiple ulcers were seen at colonoscopy. The biopsy specimen showed ulcerating malakoplakia. Immunodeficiency was primarily reflected by deprivation of CD4 cells in the peripheral blood, and CT scans failed to detect structures consistent with a normal thymus. There were also polylymphadenopathy and chronic erythroderma. The lymph node showed extreme hypoplasia of the follicular cortex and marked expansion of the paracortex. B cell counts progressively declined, and plasma cells were absent both in intact mucosa of the colon and in a lymph node. The patient died at eighteen months of respiratory failure following recurrent airway infections. Pediatric malakoplakia of the colon, though rare, may be regarded as an example of opportunistic bacterial infection in an immunocompromised host. Combined immunodeficiency (CID) has to be considered in such instances, in particular when malformational syndromes coexist affecting the development of the thymus.
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PMID:Malakoplakia of the colon in an infant with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and charge association. 1098 22

Invasive bacterial infection in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is common. South African data on this problem are limited. Over 1 year we prospectively studied 108 HIV-infected children hospitalized for 136 presumed infective episodes. Blood culture was positive in 24.8% of episodes. Streptococcus pneumoniae predominated (14/30 positive blood cultures); one-third of isolates showed resistance to penicillin. Acute lower respiratory tract infection accounted for 44% of clinical diagnoses, a bacterial cause being established for 23.8% of these. Age and stage of HIV infection did not influence the likelihood of a positive culture. A high proportion of presumed infective episodes requiring hospitalization of young HIV-infected children have a bacterial cause. Blood culture appears to be a useful method of obtaining the microbiological information required to focus antibiotic therapy.
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PMID:Bacterial infection in children with HIV: a prospective study from Cape Town, South Africa. 1106 71

Diverse biological activities of 7 healthy foods [powdered pine needle, citrate-fermented sesame, powdered coffee, royal jelly, propolis, pollen and white sesame oil (extracted by super critical state (40 degrees C, 350 atmospheric pressure))] were investigated. The pine needle, sesame and powdered coffee was also extracted successively by ethanol and hot water, and lyophilized. The pine needle and coffee extracts, and propolis showed higher in vitro cytotoxic, bactericidal and oxidation activity, as compared with other 4 lipophilic healthy foods. However, propolis showed slightly lower, but significant cytotoxic and bactericidal activity with much reduced oxidation potential. ESR spectroscopy demonstrated that the cytotoxic activity of these extracts was closely related to their radical generation and O2- scavenging activities. Healthy food components may have both pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant properties. Pre-treatment of mice with pine needle, sesame or powdered coffee extract significantly reduced the lethality of bacterial infection, possibly due to their host-mediated action. These extracts failed to reduce the cytophatic effect of HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus) infection in MT-4 cells. No apparent acute toxicity was detected in mice by oral administration of 10 g/kg of these extracts. This data suggest the medicinal efficacy of healthy foods.
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PMID:Diverse biological activities of healthy foods. 1128 23

Erysipelas is a bacterial infection of the deepest skin layer. Predisposing factors are systemic and/or local. Main systemic factors are alcoholism, diabetes and immunodeficiency. The main local factors are an Athlete's foot (tineapedis), venous or lymphatic stasis, prosthetic surgery of the knee, and a past history of saphenous phlebectomy, lymphadenectomy, or irradiation. Such predisposing factors account for the predominance of erysipelas in the lower limbs and for the frequency of recurrence. The prevention of recurrence is stressed by all authors, and would associate correct treatment of the disease, treatment of venous and lymphatic stasis and/or wounds. A preventive antibiotic treatment should be proposed to patients with multiple predisposing factors and frequent recurrence, by using prolonged therapy with Macrolides or Penicillin. Primary prevention could concern local and/or systemic predisposing factors; however its efficacy and necessity has yet to be demonstrated. The usefulness of nosopharyngeal streptococcal carriage eradication and/or vaccination has not demonstrated either.
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PMID:[Primary and secondary prevention for erysipelas]. 1131 67

The epidemiology and natural history of bacterial infections among ambulatory patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease has not been well described. In this prospective study, 394 subjects were enrolled and followed at 8-week intervals for a median of 21 months. During follow-up, 164 (42%) of 394 patients developed at least 1 bacterial infection. The most common infections were sinusitis, bacterial pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infection, and bronchitis. Serious bacterial infections (defined as bacterial pneumonia, bacteremia, or deep visceral abscess) were reported by 56 subjects (14%). Female sex, age of <40 years, and Karnofsky score of < or =80 were independent risk factors for bacterial infections. Prophylaxis with clarithromycin, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, or both had significant protective effect. The occurrence of any confirmed bacterial infection was associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality. This study documents that bacterial infections are common among patients with advanced HIV disease, especially among women.
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PMID:Impact of prophylaxis for Mycobacterium avium complex on bacterial infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. 1134 May 34

Skin and soft-tissue abscesses, a common problem among injection drug users (IDUs), result in serious morbidity for the patient and costly hospitalizations for incision and drainage; however, there has been little etiologic or preventive epidemiologic research on this problem. We performed a case-control study that enrolled 151 IDUs who had been given a new diagnosis of abscess requiring incision and drainage (cases) and 267 IDUs who did not have abscess or other bacterial infection during the previous year and who were stratum-matched to cases according to age, sex, and race (controls). Subcutaneous or intramuscular, instead of intravenous, injection is a major risk factor for abscess among IDUs. The injection of a cocaine and heroin mixture, or "speedball," may predispose patients to develop abscess by inducing soft-tissue ischemia. Cleaning the skin with alcohol before injection was found to have a protective effect. Neither human immunodeficiency virus nor human T-lymphotropic virus type II seropositivity was significantly associated with abscess.
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PMID:Risk factors for skin and soft-tissue abscesses among injection drug users: a case-control study. 1138 92

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most common disseminated bacterial disease in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. Although murine models of disseminated MAC exist, they are primarily based on underlying genetic susceptibilities and cannot adequately address the complex interactions that occur between host, mycobacteria, and immunosuppressive lentivirus. To address this problem we have developed an experimental system to co-inoculate rhesus macaques with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and a clinical M. avium isolate that results in a disease virtually identical to that observed in human cases. Using this experimental system we have found that the development of disseminated MAC is dependent on viral strain. Animals co-infected with SIVmac251 and M. avium developed progressive disease, whereas control animals and animals inoculated with closely related viruses (SIVmac239 and SIVmac239MER) developed self-limiting infections. The ability of animals infected with SIVmac239 or SIVmac239MER to eliminate mycobacterial disease was independent of viral load and CD4 T-cell number but was correlated with the size and composition of microgranulomas. This work establishes a novel primate model of disseminated MAC in the context of immunosuppressive lentiviral infection and advances our understanding of why human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients are remarkably sensitive to the development of mycobacterial disease.
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PMID:Induction of disseminated Mycobacterium avium in simian AIDS is dependent upon simian immunodeficiency virus strain and defective granuloma formation. 1148 27

Bacterial infection is a frequent complication in patients with chronic liver disease, mainly during the advanced stages. There is evidence that the main factors that contribute to a predisposition to infection in cirrhotic patients are related to hepatic failure with consequent immunodeficiency. Invasive procedures (diagnostic or therapeutic) can predispose to bacterial infections, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) is considered a potentially important risk factor. A group of cirrhotic patients (child B and C Pugh groups) were evaluated retrospectively by chart reviews regarding the prevalence of bacterial infection during hospitalization to determine whether UGB was a risk factor. An infection was considered present if a specific organ system was identified or if fever (> 38(o)C) persisted for more than 24 hours with associated leukocytosis. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was based on classical criteria. Eighty-nine patients were evaluated. Fourty-six patients presented with UGB, and 43 patients had no UGB (control). There were infections recorded in 25/46 (54%) patients with UGB, and 15/43 (35%) in those without UGB (p=0.065). The ratio of the number of infections/admitted patients, was significantly larger in the group with UGB (0.78 +/- 0.89 vs. 0.39 +/- 0.62; p=0.028) since patients had more than one infection. In the UGB group compared to non UGB group, ascites was more frequent (67% vs. 42%; p=0.027); they were more likely to have undergone endoscopic procedures (p<0.001) and the mean +/- SD for platelets count was smaller (96,114 +/- 57,563 vs 145,674 +/- 104,083; p=0.007). The results show that UGB is an important contribution to bacterial infection among Child B and C cirrhotic patients.
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PMID:Comparative study of bacterial infection prevalence between cirrhotic patients with and without upper gastrointestinal bleeding. 1150 77

Prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is an essential part of the management of children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). No dose-ranging studies were ever performed; therefore, the amount of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) needed to suppress PCP in children with HIV/AIDS is not known. The dose recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has been thought to be just above the threshold needed for prevention, based on anecdotal breakthrough PCP in cancer patients who were improperly dosed. We have been giving prophylaxis based on body weight rather than surface area, and this, combined with growth of our children, has led to a large experience with dosages lower than the currently recommended 150 mg/m2. The medical records of children with HIV who met CDC guidelines for institution of PCP prophylaxis were reviewed. To ascertain the per square meter (m2) dosage each child was receiving, body surface area was calculated from height and weight measurements. Dosages were recalculated every 6 months and at each dosage change. Data regarding PCP infection, bacterial infections, and side effects of TMP-SMX were extracted. Data were compiled from 1,719.5 child-months of TMP-SMX prophylaxis, including 1,532.5 child-months below the currently recommended dose. Sixty-seven percent of our child-months were at or below two-thirds the CDC recommended dose. There were no cases of proven or suspected PCP. Incidence of other serious bacterial infections was low. Bacteremia and sepsis with Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common proven bacterial infection, at a rate of 5.5 episodes per 100 child-years. The incidence of bacterial infection did not vary by the dose of TMP-SMX. TMP-SMX prophylaxis was well tolerated; most reactions were mild and self-limited and did not recur with re-institution of the drug. Only 6.1% of this cohort had TMP-SMX prophylaxis discontinued due to perceived toxicity. These data show that the currently recommended dose of TMP-SMX (150 mg/m2) may not be required to prevent PCP in children with HIV/AIDS. The drug is well tolerated at all dosage levels. The incidence of serious bacterial infection in this cohort of patients did not depend upon the amount of TMP-SMX prescribed. A prospective, controlled clinical trial of low-dose TMP-SMX for children with HIV infection is warranted.
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PMID:Successful prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected children using smaller than recommended dosages of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. 1153 Jul 67

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis, especially among adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are critical components of cellular defense against bacterial infection and are both infected and affected by HIV. In this study, AMs obtained at bronchoscopy from 44 Malawian adults (24 HIV positive and 20 HIV negative) were exposed in vitro to opsonized S. pneumoniae and coagulase-negative staphylococci. AMs from HIV-positive and -negative volunteers showed no significant difference in binding to or internalization of either S. pneumoniae or coagulase-negative staphylococci. In HIV-positive subjects, the presence of detectable HIV in lung fluid was not associated with AM impairment. AMs from HIV-infected adults did not exhibit impaired pneumococcal phagocytosis in the assay used. This suggests that an alternative mechanism of susceptibility is operating in these individuals.
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PMID:Opsonic phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae by alveolar macrophages is not impaired in human immunodeficiency virus-infected Malawian adults. 1167 28


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