Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0004610 (bacteremia)
 13,199 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Levels of complement proteins and functional activity of the alternate complement pathway were assessed in 39 patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. Mean levels of C3 and properdin and the functional activity of the alternate pathway in acute sera were significantly (P less than 0.05) below normal, whereas levels of components of the early classical pathway were normal. Although levels of factor B were in the normal range, they correlated significantly with C3 levels; there was no significant relation between C3 levels and C4 or C1q levels. The 19 patients iwth pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia had significantly lower mean values of properdin and factor B than the 20 patients without bacteremia, suggesting a more severe depression of the alternate complement pathway with bacteremia. During convalescence, complement levels were normal or elevated in most of the patients, but mean levels of properdin remained significantly below normal in bacteremic patients. Functional activity of the alternate pathway also remained below normal. These results indicate that there is a selective depression of the alternate pathway in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia, and they are consistent with the concept that the alternate pathway has an important role in host defenses in pneumococcal infection.
 ...
PMID:Complement levels in pneumococcal pneumonia. 2 Apr 5

To determine the pathway used for activation of complement component C3, serum levels of components C1, C4, C2, C3, C5, C6, and C9 and two properdin factors, properdin and factor B, were measured in 42 patients with gram-negative bacteremia, in 19 of whom shock subsequently developed. Mean levels of the classical components C1, C4, and C2 in bacteremic patients in whom shock subsequently developed did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05) from those of patients with uncomplicated bacteremia. Levels of properdin, factor B and C3, C5, C6, and C9 were significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased in patients with shock in comparison with those with uncomplicated bacteremia. Taken together, these findings are consistent with activation of C3 and the terminal complement sequence, C5-C9, occurring primarily by the properdin pathway, in patients with gram-negative bacteremia eventuating in shock. Biologically active products released during activation of C3-C9 may contribute to the development of shock.
 ...
PMID:Activation of the properdin pathway of complement in patients with gram-negative of bacteremia. 4 48

Prospective sequential studies of the antibacterial function of neutrophils, lymphocyte responsiveness, opsonic capacity of serum and serum levels of C3(B), properdin, factor B, IgG, and albumin were made in 32 patients with severe burn injury (greater than or equal to 45%), 21 patients with severe multisystem traumatic injury, 20 high-risk, infected patients, and 22 renal transplant patients. Fifty-five episodes of bacteremia occurred in 37 of the 95 patients. Abnormal neutrophil function was clearly associated as a predisposing factor to these episodes, whereas there was no association between bacteremia and low serum levels of C3, IgG, factor B, or properdin. C3, factor B, and IgG usually rose following bacteremia as acute phase proteins, but there was evidence of a consumptive opsoninopathy in 11% of episodes. Defective opsonization was associated with a high risk of bacteremia only when there was a coexisting abnormality of neutrophil function (88% of such patients became bacteremic). None of 27 nonburned patients tested with delayed hypersensitivity antigens responded normally, and there was regularly depression of lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin-A and concanavalin-A in a whole blood assay related to serum immunosuppressive factors, but poor responsiveness was not associated with bacteremia.
 ...
PMID:A comparison of immunologic profiles and their influence on bacteremia in surgical patients with a high risk of infection. 37 44

Twenty patients with burn injuries involving 45% or more total body surface area were randomly allocated to receive either fresh-frozen plasma (plasma), 200 ml/m2/d (11 patients), or an approximately equal amount of plasma protein derivative (Plasmanate) (nine patients) during the first 45 days postburn. To study the potential effects of these two adjunctive therapies on host resistance to infection, measurements were made twice weekly of the antibacterial funciton of neutrophils, the opsonic index (ability to opsonize alternative pathway dependent E. coli 075), C3(B), IgG, properdin, factor B, total protein, and albumin. The average size of burn in the plasma group was 61.5% total and 42% 3 degrees compared with 61% total and 46% 3 degrees in the Plasmanate group. Ten and 18 episodes of bacteremia occurred in the plasma and Plasmanate groups, respectively. Analysis of the results indicates only slightly better support of host resistance when plasma is administered, but this is counterbalanced by the increased risk of viral hepatitis.
 ...
PMID:Fresh-frozen plasma vs. plasma protein derivative as adjunctive therapy for patients with massive burns. 45 93

A sequential, prospective analysis of humoral and cellular immune function was performed on 20 burn patients with injuries involving >/=45% total body surface area. Infected patients had significantly worse neutrophil bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus 502A than did noninfected patients. Chemotaxis of neutrophils correlated poorly with infection although chemotaxis was frequently abnormal. The opsonic index of serum was depressed early after the burn but returned to nearly normal values by the fourth to the fourteenth postburn day. There was no difference between infected and noninfected patients. Serum levels of IgG, properdin and C3, while initially low, remained within the normal range after the ninth postburn day in both groups. Factor B levels rose rapidly during the first three weeks after injury to more than double normal levels in many patients. Suggestive evidence for consumption of opsonic protein occurred with five of 19 episodes of bacteremia. The responsiveness of isolated lymphocytes to PHA was normal. However, patients' sera were shown to significantly inhibit the responsiveness of normal lymphocytes to PHA. Analysis of immunologic profiles for individual patients indicates that abnormalities of neutrophil function are the most important acquired defect predisposing patients to the development of bacteremia following major thermal injury; abnormalities of opsonic action play a secondary but important role.
 ...
PMID:A sequential, prospective analysis of immunologic abnormalities and infection following severe thermal injury. 73 59

Serum opsonic activity for E. coli 075, conversion of C3 by inulin, total hemolytic complement (CH(50)), levels of native C3, factor B, C3b inactivator (KAF), properdin (P), and immunoglobulins (Ig) were determined in 14 patients with burns involving 13% to 91% body surface during 6 to 8 weeks postburn. In the 12 uninfected patients, levels of IgG and IgA were reduced during the first 10 days postburn, and decreased concentrations of P and IgM were demonstrated from three to 6 weeks postburn. C3 conversion was reduced from 10 days to 6 weeks postburn. Levels of C3, factor B, and KAF were normal or elevated for the entire study period. No difference in the occurrence of humoral abnormalities was noted in patients with burns caused by flame, immersion scald, or acid contact. Reduction in C3 conversion and P concentration were the only abnormalities which correlated with increasing burn size. Bacteremia and/or fungemia was documented in the other two patients. In one of these patients, reduction in CH(50) occurred during septicemia due to S. aureus, and in the other, reduction in all measurements of complement was associated with candidemia and Pseudomonas septicemia and occurred prior to the development of shock. Serum opsonic activity was only reduced significantly during sepsis, suggesting that this abnormality occurred as a result rather than a cause of infection. These results indicate that consumption of components of the classical and/or alternative pathways of complement activation may be an important mechanism by which infection is perpetuated in the burn patient. They also emphasize the importance of the clinical management of the burn patient in preventing the development of septic complications.
 ...
PMID:Changes in humoral components of host defense following burn trauma. 87 73

Complement profiles on 22 hypocomplementemic patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) type I, on 11 with MPGN II, and on 16 with MPGN III, gave evidence that the nephritic factor of the amplification loop (NFa) is responsible for the hypocomplementemia in MPGN II and the nephritic factor of the terminal pathway (NFt) for the hypocomplementemia in MPGN III. In contrast, in MPGN I, there was evidence for three complement-activating modalities, NFa, NFt, and immune complexes. As a result, four different patterns of complement activation were seen. NFa, found in MPGN II, produces a complement profile characterized mainly by C3 depression. In addition, four of seven (57%) severely hypocomplementemic MPGN II patients (C3 less than 30 mg/dL) had slightly depressed levels of factor B, and one of seven (14%) of properdin, but in all the C5 concentration was normal. In contrast, all eight severely hypocomplementemic patients with MPGN II had depressed C5 and properdin levels, and six of eight (75%) depressed levels of C6, C7, and/or C9. Of eight MPGN III patients with moderate hypocomplementemia, 50% had depressed C5 and properdin levels and the remainder, depressed C3 only. This spectrum of profiles is most likely produced by varying concentrations of NFt. In MPGN I, nine of 23 (39%) had a profile indicating only classical pathway activation; seven of 23 (39%), a pattern compatible with NFt alone; four of 23 (9%), evidence for both classical pathway activation and NFt; and three of 23 (13%), a pattern compatible with NFa. The unique multifactorial origin of the hypocomplementemia in MPGN I, often giving evidence of classical pathway activation, together with previously reported differences in glomerular morphology and clinical features at onset, makes it distinct from MPGN III. Depressed C8 levels were found to some extent in all hypocomplementemic states. The levels were uncommonly depressed in patients with NFa, most markedly depressed with NFt, and moderately reduced with classical pathway activation. The cause is not known. Diagnostically, profiles showing classical pathway activation and low levels of C6, C7, and/or C9 are specific for MPGN I. Those showing only classical activation are likewise diagnostic of MPGN I if systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and chronic bacteremia are ruled out.
 ...
PMID:Patterns of complement activation in idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, types I, II, and III. 220 97

A nine-year-old white boy with recurrent pneumococcal bacteremia is described. His serum had no hemolytic activity in either the classic or alternative complement pathways. Absence of classic pathway activity was secondary to a homozygous deficiency of C2. The parents had half-normal levels of C2, compatible with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Measurement of serum properdin levels by radial immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay revealed a profound deficiency in the patient, normal levels in the father, and half-normal levels in the mother, suggesting X-linked inheritance of the deficiency. Addition of purified properdin to the patient's serum fully reconstituted the alternative pathway function. This patient's unique combination of inherited deficiencies of properdin and C2 is a likely explanation for his susceptibility to bacterial infection.
 ...
PMID:Inherited deficiency of properdin and C2 in a patient with recurrent bacteremia. 382 29

Experimental Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia was studied in subhuman primates. Following intravenous infusion of viable B. fragilis there was an exponential clearance of organisms from the bloodstream. The major clearance organ was the liver, which accumulated 68.2% of the total inoculum. The most efficient clearance was exhibited by the spleen, with uptake of 1.16% gm tissue. Hemodynamic studies revealed no significant changes in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, or cardiac output following B. fragilis infusion. Complement activity as measured by CH50, alternative pathway hemolytic activity, granulocyte aggregometry, C4, C3, properdin, and Factor B levels were similarly unaffected by infusion of B. fragilis. In contrast, profound hemodynamic changes and a consistent decrease in complement activity was noted after challenge with S. minnesota. The results of this study suggest that B. fragilis bacteremia has a minor role in producing the acute hemodynamic changes associated with the septic shock syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Experimental Bacteroides fragilis bacteremia in a primate model: evidence that Bacteroides fragilis does not promote the septic shock syndrome. 406 69

Sodium polyanethole sulfonate (SPS; trade name, Liquoid) is a constituent in culture media used to grow bacteria from blood samples from patients suspected of bacteremia. SPS prevents the killing of bacteria by innate cellular and humoral factors. We analyzed the effect of SPS on the three complement activation pathways: the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways, respectively. Inhibition of complement activity by SPS is caused by a blocking of complement activation and is not a result of complement consumption. The classical pathway is inhibited at SPS concentrations greater than 0.1 mg/ml, and complete inhibition is seen at 0.4 mg/ml. An SPS concentration of 0.5 mg/ml completely inhibits the binding of C1q and subsequent incorporation of C3, C4, and C9. The same was observed for the alternative pathway with an inhibition at SPS concentrations from 0.1 mg/ml and a complete inhibition from 0.4 mg/ml. Here, properdin binding was completely absent, and no incorporation of C3 and C9 was observed. In contrast, the lectin complement pathway remains unaffected at these SPS concentrations, and inhibition is first observed from 0.7 mg/ml. A complete inhibition required concentrations greater than 1 mg/ml. SPS is used in growth media (e.g., BACTEC and BacT/Alert) at concentrations from 0.3 to 0.5 mg/ml. The well-known finding that certain bacteria are growth inhibited by blood factors could therefore be a consequence of the lectin pathway, which is not inhibited at these concentrations. In addition, our findings also open up the possibility of a new assay for the assessment of the functional capacity of the lectin complement pathway.
 ...
PMID:Sodium polyanethole sulfonate as an inhibitor of activation of complement function in blood culture systems. 2004 30


1 2 Next >>