Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0004610 (bacteremia)
 13,199 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Our previous studies have shown that a phagocytic challenge with IgG-coated erythrocytes (EIgG) depressed macrophage triggered H2O2 production in vitro, and in vivo there was a decrease in the survival rate following bacteremia. The phagocytosis of an equal number of IgG-coated erythrocyte ghosts had none of these effects, indicating that the contents of the erythrocytes are important for these effects. The present study evaluated the role of the scavengers of reactive oxygen intermediates within erythrocytes in the depression of H2O2 production triggered with phorbol myristate acetate following a phagocytic challenge with EIgG. Elicited rat peritoneal macrophages (PM) were challenged with EIgG prepared from normal E or E with inactivated catalase, depleted glutathione, hemoglobin converted to methemoglobin, or fixed with formaldehyde. The depression of triggered H2O2 production was similar when equal numbers of normal EIgG and EIgG with inactivated scavengers were phagocytized. When the phagocytic challenge with normal EIgG was carried out in the presence of cytochalasin B, no depression of triggered H2O2 production was observed. Cytochalasin B partially blocked the phagocytosis of EIgG, so that with larger doses of EIgG there was sufficient ingestion of EIgG to depress H2O2 production in untreated PM. These results indicate that the scavengers of reactive oxygen intermediates present in erythrocytes are neither required nor sufficient to depress H2O2 production by macrophages.
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PMID:Scavengers of reactive oxygen intermediates do not mediate the depression of macrophage hydrogen peroxide production caused by erythrocyte phagocytosis. 175 28

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) have received reports of bacteremia in patients on high flux dialysis attributed to contamination of dialyzer header spaces or o-rings. A study was performed in which header spaces and o-rings of Hemoflow F-80 dialyzers (Fresenius AG, Bad Homburg, FRG) were exposed to an aqueous suspension of Xanthomonas maltophilia and Mycobacterium chelonae for 1 hour. After exposure, the dialyzers were reprocessed manually with 4% formaldehyde, 4% Renalin, 2.5% Renalin, or sterile water (SW) as a control, or with an automated reprocessing machine using 3.25% Renalin. After 48 hours the blood compartment (BC) was drained and rinsed twice with 500 ml of SW. Each BC sample was cultured. To simulate dialysis, separate circulates of SW were pumped through the DC and the BC. After 15 minutes, the BC circulate was cultured, headers were unscrewed, and o-rings, header caps, and fiber bundle ends were cultured. For each germicide, bacteria were recovered in low numbers, primarily from the o-rings and the o-ring groove in the header caps. In 38 tests, a total of 60 of 342 assays (17.5%) were positive. In only one of these tests one bacterial colony forming unit (cfu) was recovered from the BC circulate during simulated dialysis. It was concluded that if header spaces and o-rings are contaminated, bacteria could be sealed protectively from the germicide. However, concentrations of surviving bacteria were low, probably outside the BC, and did not effectively contaminate the BC circulate during simulated dialysis.
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PMID:Recovery of bacteria from reprocessed high flux dialyzers after bacterial contamination of the header spaces and O-rings. 268 13

Epidemiologic investigations of bacteremia in dialysis patients by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) identified an association with the use of dialyzers disinfected with a specific chemical germicide. A collaborative study by the CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was conducted to determine the effect of dialyzer disinfectants on five types of dialyzer membranes: three cellulosic (Cuprophan, cellulose acetate, cuprammonium rayon); and two synthetic (polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile). The disinfectants tested were: 4% formaldehyde; Renalin; Cidex Dialyzer; Sporicidin HO; Warexin; and RenNew-D. Water was the control. Dialyzers were reprocessed up to 15 times. Each reprocessing consisted of rinsing, air-leak testing, filling with fresh disinfectant, and storing for 2 to 4 days. After 15 reprocessings or air-leak failure, each dialyzer was microbiologically challenged for membrane integrity. Membranes exposed to Renalin, Cidex Dialyzer, and water passed all tests. Cellulosic membranes exposed to Warexin failed all tests after 2 to 9 reprocessings. Cellulose acetate membranes exposed to Sporicidin HD failed microbiologic testing. One polysulfone dialyzer exposed to RenNew-D and one exposed to 4% formaldehyde failed microbiologic testing. These results and those obtained from epidemiologic studies suggest that membrane integrity testing (e.g. an air-leak test) should be an integral part of dialyzer reprocessing.
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PMID:Effect of chemical germicides on the integrity of hemodialyzer membranes. 305 70

Between April and November 1982, 27 of 140 patients in a hemodialysis center in Louisiana were infected with rapidly growing mycobacteria; 14 had bacteremia alone, 3 had soft-tissue infections, 1 had an access-graft infection, and 9 had widely disseminated disease. Of 26 identified isolates, 25 were Mycobacterium chelonei ssp. abscessus, and one was an M. chelonei-like organism. One factor common to all patients was exposure to processed hemodialyzers (artificial kidneys). Environmental sampling of the water-treatment system showed widespread contamination with nontuberculous mycobacteria, which were also recovered from the patient's side (blood compartment) of five of 31 hemodialyzers that had been processed and were ready for use. The formaldehyde concentration was less than 2% in two of three such contaminated dialyzers tested. We hypothesize that patients became infected when their blood circulated through processed dialyzers that contained viable rapidly growing mycobacteria. This outbreak demonstrates that hemodialysis patients may be at risk for developing infections with rapidly growing mycobacteria and that such infections may go unrecognized when routine culture methods are used. It also emphasizes the importance of using effective procedures to disinfect dialyzers in hemodialysis centers.
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PMID:Infections with Mycobacterium chelonei in patients receiving dialysis and using processed hemodialyzers. 404 42

One-day-old brown layer chicks were exposed to an aerosol of an arthropathic and amyloidogenic Enterococcus faecalis strain alone or after being subjected to treatment with formaldehyde gas (100-200 ppm). Four-day-old chicks were also treated with the same aerosol but after treatment with a Newcastle disease vaccine virus (NDVV) aerosol or intramuscular injection with methylprednisolon at day 1. The same E. faecalis strain was inoculated intramuscularly in day-old chicks as positive control. Bacteremia with time showed that 24 hr after the aerosol the day-old exposed chicks had the highest rate of positive blood cultures (70%-80%). Lower numbers of bacteremic birds at this point in time were found in the chicks treated with E. faecalis aerosol at day 4 (3/10 in the methylprednisolon-treated group and 0/10 in the NDVV-treated group) and the E. faecalis intramuscular-injected group at day 1 (2/10). Formaldehyde gas treatment did not favor the occurrence of bacteremia. NDVV aerosol exposure or injection with corticosteroids did not favor the occurrence of bacteremia 24 hr after E. faecalis aerosol exposure at day 4 either, although 66 days after aerosol, one bird (1/14) treated with NDVV showed bacteremia. A few bacteremic birds were found 10 days after aerosol in the NDVV- and methylprednisolon-treated groups, whereas at 14 days after aerosol, one bacteremic bird was seen in the group subjected to E. faecalis aerosol at day 1, indicating the occurrence of chronic bacteremia. In contrast to the E. faecalis intramuscular-inoculated birds, no joint pathology was seen in the aerosol-exposed groups in spite of the occurrence of chronic bacteremia.
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PMID:Aerosol transmission of arthropathic and amyloidogenic Enterococcus faecalis. 1178 72